Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations are critical for host-tree performance. However, how mycorrhizal associations correlate with the latitudinal tree beta-diversity remains untested. Using a global dataset of 45 forest plots representing 2,804,270 trees across 3840 species, we test how AM and EcM trees contribute to total beta-diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of all trees. We find AM rather than EcM trees predominantly contribute to decreasing total beta-diversity and turnover and increasing nestedness with increasing latitude, probably because wide distributions of EcM trees do not generate strong compositional differences among localities. Environmental variables, especially temperature and precipitation, are strongly correlated with beta-diversity patterns for both AM trees and all trees rather than EcM trees. Results support our hypotheses that latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and environmental effects on these patterns are highly dependent on mycorrhizal types. Our findings highlight the importance of AM-dominated forests for conserving global forest biodiversity.

Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles Madrid Spain

Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology and the University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovicve Czech Republic

Biology Department Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo ON Canada

CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences

CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences

CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

Center for Conservation and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Washington DC USA

Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia

College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture South China Agricultural University

College of Life and Environmental Science Minzu University of China

Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA

Departamento Ecologia Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Biociências Cidade Universitária São Paulo SP Brazil

Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI USA

Department of Biological Sciences National Sun Yat sen University

Department of Biology Washington University in St Louis St Louis MO USA

Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History Washington DC USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA

Department of Ecology State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences Sun Yat sen University

Department of Environmental Sciences University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR USA

Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA

Department of Forest Ecology Silva Tarouca Research Institute Brno Czech Republic

Department of Forestry and Natural Resources National Chiayi University

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies National Dong Hwa University

Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St Paul MN USA

Department of Plant Science and Technology University of Jos Jos Nigeria

Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK

Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada

Department of Soil and Water Conservation National Chung Hsing University

ECNU Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research East China Normal University

Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK

Forest Ecology and Management Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands

Forest Ecology Group Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD USA

Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington DC USA

Guangdong Chebaling National Nature Reserve

Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain Guangxi Institute of Botany Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences

Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham MA USA

Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering Heilongjiang Forestry Engineering and Environment Institute

Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique Libreville Gabon

Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawaii USA

International Master Program of Agriculture National Chung Hsing University

Key Laboratory of Agro ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences

Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University

Natural England York UK

Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry

School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia

School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK

School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

School of Ecology and Environment Northwestern Polytechnical University

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater MD USA

Southeast Asia Rainforest Research Partnership Danum Valley Field Centre Lahad Datu Sabah Malaysia

State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences

Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Forest Resources and Management Birmensdorf Switzerland

The Administrative Bureau of Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve

The Nigerian Montane Forest Project Taraba State Nigeria

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate Midlothian UK

Wilderness Institute and Department of Forest Management University of Montana Missoula MT USA

Wildland Resources Department Utah State University Logan UT USA

Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands

Yunnan Lijiang Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station Kunming Instituted of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences

Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University

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Global patterns of vascular plant alpha diversity