Polyploidy has played a crucial role in the evolution of many plant taxa, namely in higher latitudinal zones. Surprisingly, after several decades of an intensive research on polyploids, there are still common polyploid species whose evolutionary history is virtually unknown. Here, we addressed the origin of sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) using flow cytometry, DNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization-based cytogenetic techniques. An allotetraploid and polytopic origin of the species has been verified. The chromosome study reveals an extensive variation between the European populations. In contrast, an autopolyploid origin of the rarer tetraploid vernal grass species, A. alpinum, has been corroborated. Diploid A. alpinum played an essential role in the polyploidization of both European tetraploids studied.

CEITEC Masaryk University CZ 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany CZ 242 53 Průhonice Czech Republic

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Benátská 2 CZ 128 00 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Experimental Biology Faculty of Science Masaryk University CZ 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

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