Standard methods for chemical food safety testing in official laboratories rely largely on liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Although these methods are considered the gold standard for quantitative confirmatory analysis, they require sampling, transferring the samples to a central laboratory to be tested by highly trained personnel, and the use of expensive equipment. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for portable and handheld devices to provide rapid, efficient, and on-site screening of food contaminants. Recent technological advancements in the field include smartphone-based, microfluidic chip-based, and paper-based devices integrated with electrochemical and optical biosensing platforms. Furthermore, the potential application of portable mass spectrometers in food testing might bring the confirmatory analysis from the laboratory to the field in the future. Although such systems open new promising possibilities for portable food testing, few of these devices are commercially available. To understand why barriers remain, portable food analyzers reported in the literature over the last ten years were reviewed. To this end, the analytical performance of these devices and the extent they match the World Health Organization benchmark for diagnostic tests, i.e., the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, and Deliverable to end-users (ASSURED) criteria, was evaluated critically. A five-star scoring system was used to assess their potential to be implemented as food safety testing systems. The main findings highlight the need for concentrated efforts towards combining the best features of different technologies, to bridge technological gaps and meet commercialization requirements.

CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina Jordi Girona 18 26 08034 Barcelona Spain

CSEM SA Center Landquart Bahnhofstrasse 1 7302 Landquart Switzerland

Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Dejvice 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zürich Schmelzbergstrasse 9 8092 Zürich Switzerland

Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen's University 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast BT9 5DL UK

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Wageningen University Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands

Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics Jordi Girona 18 26 08034 Barcelona Spain

Wageningen Food Safety Research Wageningen University and Research P O Box 230 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands

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