Comparison of forward and backward gait in males with and without intellectual disabilities
Language English Country Great Britain, England Media print-electronic
Document type Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PubMed
34350647
DOI
10.1111/jir.12873
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, Special Olympics, backward gait, forward gait, intellectual disability,
- MeSH
- Gait MeSH
- Walking MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Intellectual Disability * epidemiology MeSH
- Postural Balance MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Muscle Strength MeSH
- Accidental Falls MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND: Intellectual disabilities (ID) affect both cognitive and motor functions. The backward gait is a daily activity and its assessment is used for fall risk estimation and training in the general population. For proper use of backward gait as a rehabilitation tool and in fall prevention programmes for people with ID, it is necessary to determine the backward gait characteristics in the ID population. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between forward and backward gait in persons with nonsyndromic mild and moderate ID, persons with Down syndrome (DS) and a control group of healthy adults. METHODS: Fifty males divided into four groups (mild ID: n = 15, moderate ID: n = 19, DS: n = 6, controls: n = 10) participated in this study. All participants were asked to walk both forward and backward, barefooted and at their natural velocity on a Zebris FDM platform. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences between the analysed groups in forward and backward gait. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between forward and backward gait within each group. RESULTS: The velocity was significantly slower in moderate ID and DS compared to controls in forward and backward gait. When comparing forward and backward gait within each group, the gait velocity decreased in backward gait compared with forward gait by 21.80% in controls, by 33.89% in mild ID, by 34.45% in moderate ID, and by 40.32% in DS. In both moderate ID and DS, the mean backward velocity was slower than 2.16 km/h, the velocity used to identify elderly fallers in the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Gait velocity was especially affected in DS and moderate ID compared with controls. In both mentioned groups, the backward gait velocity suggests an increased risk of falling. Future studies are necessary to examine the possibility of improving balance control and leg muscle strength by backward walking training in the ID population.
See more in PubMed
Agiovlasitis S., McCubbin J. A., Yun J., Pavol M. J. & Widrick J. J. (2009) Economy and preferred speed of walking in adults with and without Down syndrome. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 26, 118-130.
Almuhtaseb S., Oppewal A. & Hilgenkamp T. I. M. (2014) Gait characteristics in individuals with intellectual disabilities: a literature review. Research in Developmental Disabilities 35, 2858-2883.
Amboni M., Barone P. & Hausdorff J. M. (2013) Cognitive contributions to gait and falls: evidence and implications. Movement Disorders 28, 1520-1533.
Boat T. F. & Wu J. T. (2015) Clinical characteristics of intellectual disabilities. In: Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children. National Academies Press, Washington (DC).
Chiba Y., Shimada A., Yoshida F., Keino H., Hasegawa M., Ikari H. et al. (2009) Risk of fall for individuals with intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 114, 225-236.
Choi J. & Bastian A. (2007) Adaptation reveals independent control networks for human walking. Nature Neuroscience 10, 1055-1062.
Cox C. R., Clemson L., Stancliffe R. J., Durvasula S. & Sherrington C. (2010) Incidence of and risk factors for falls among adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 54, 1045-1057.
Czech Special Olympics Movement (n.d.) The Czech special olympics movement. Available at: https://www.specialolympics.cz/o-nas
Donelan J. M., Kram R. & Kuo A. D. (2002) Simultaneous positive and negative external mechanical work in human walking. Journal of Biomechanics 35, 117-124.
El-Basatiny H. M. & Abdel-Aziem A. A. (2015) Effect of backward walking training on postural balance in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled study. Clinical Rehabilitation 29, 457-467.
Elnahhas A. M., Elshennawy S. & Aly M. S. (2018) Effects of backward gait training on balance, gross motor function, and gait in children with celebral palsy: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation 33, 3-12.
Fritz N. E., Worstell A. M., Kloos A. D., Siles A. B., White S. E. & Kegelmeyer D. A. (2013) Backward walking measures are sensitive to age-related changes in mobility and balance. Gait and Posture 37, 593-597.
Hackney M. E. & Earhart G. M. (2009) Backward walking in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 24, 218-223.
Haynes C. A. & Lockhart T. E. (2012) Evaluation of gait and slip parameters for adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Biomechanics 45, 2337-2341.
Hsieh K., Heller T. & Miller A. B. (2001) Risk factors for injuries and falls among adults with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45, 76-82.
Kasović M., Stefan L. & Zvonař M. (2020) Domain-specific and total sedentary behavior associated with gait velocity in older adults: the mediating role of physical fitness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, 1-9.
Kubo M. & Ulrich B. (2006) Coordination of pelvis-HAT (head, arms and trunk) in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions during treadmill gait in preadolescents with/without Down syndrome. Gait and Posture 23, 512-518.
Kurz M. J., Wilson T. W. & Arpin D. J. (2012) Stride-time variability and sensorimotor cortical activation during walking. NeuroImage 59, 1602-1607.
Laufer Y. (2005) Effect of age on characteristics of forward and backward gait at preferred and accelerated walking speed. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 60, 627-632.
Memisevic H. & Sinanovic O. (2014) EF in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 58, 830-837.
Moe-Nilssen R. & Helbostad J. L. (2020) Spatiotemporal gait parameters for older adults - an interactive model adjusting reference data for gender, age, and body height. Gait and Posture 82, 220-226.
Pinter J. D., Eliez S., Schmitt J. E., Capone G. T. & Reiss A. L. (2001) Neuroanatomy of down's syndrome: A high-resolution MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1659-1665.
Quach L., Galica A. M., Jones R. N., Procter-Gray E., Manor B., Hannan M. T. et al. (2011) The nonlinear relationship between gait speed and falls: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the elderly of Boston study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59, 1069-1073.
Rigoldi C., Galli M., Cimolin V., Camerota F., Celletti C., Tenore N. et al. (2012) Gait strategy in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type and Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities 33, 1437-1442.
Smith B. A. & Ulrich B. D. (2008) Early onset of stabilizing strategies for gait and obstacles: older adults with Down syndrome. Gait and Posture 28, 448-455.
Terblanche E., Page C., Kroff J. & Venter R. E. (2005) The effect of backward locomotion training on the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of young women. International Journal of Sports Medicine 26, 214-219.
Van De Vliet P., Rintala P., Fröjd K., Verellen J., van Houtte S., Daly D. J. et al. (2006) Physical fitness profile of elite athletes with intellectual disability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 16, 417-425.
Yang Y. R., Yen J. G., Wang R. Y., Yen L. L. & Lieu F. K. (2005) Gait outcomes after additional backward walking training in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 19, 264-273.
