Physical exercise may activate a number of important biochemical processes in the human body. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the long-term effect of physical activity on irisin blood levels. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles addressing the long-term effect of physical exercise on irisin blood levels. Fifty-nine articles were included in the final qualitative and quantitative syntheses. A statistically significant within-group effect of exercise on irisin blood levels was in 33 studies; out of them, the irisin level increased 23× and decreased 10×. The significant positive between-groups effect was found 11×. Furthermore, the meta-analysis indicated that physical exercise had a significant positive effect on irisin blood levels (SMD = 0.39 (95% CI 0.27-0.52)). Nevertheless, considerably high heterogeneity was found in all the analyses. This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that physical exercise might increase irisin blood levels; however, the results of individual studies were considerably inconsistent, which questions the methodological detection of irisin by ELISA kits.

Centre of Expertise Longevity and Long Term Care and Centre of Gerontology Faculty of Humanities Charles University 18200 Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Charles University 16252 Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia 30720 Murcia Spain

See more in PubMed

Boström P., Wu J., Jedrychowski M.P., Korde A., Ye L., Lo J.C., Rasbach K.A., Boström E.A., Choi J.H., Long J.Z., et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481:463–468. doi: 10.1038/nature10777. PubMed DOI PMC

Perakakis N., Triantafyllou G.A., Fernández-Real J.M., Huh J.Y., Park K.H., Seufert J., Mantzoros C.S. Physiology and role of irisin in glucose homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2017;13:324–337. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.221. PubMed DOI PMC

Grygiel-Gorniak B., Puszczewicz M. A review on irisin, a new protagonist that mediates muscle-adipose-bone-neuron con-nectivity. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2017;21:4687–4693. PubMed

Ma C., Ding H., Deng Y., Liu H., Xiong X., Yang Y. Irisin: A New Code Uncover the Relationship of Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Health During Exercise. Front. Physiol. 2021;12:620608. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.620608. PubMed DOI PMC

Siteneski A., Cunha M.P., Lieberknecht V., Pazini F.L., Gruhn K., Brocardo P.S., Rodrigues A.L.S. Central irisin admin-istration affords antidepressant-like effect and modulates neuroplasticity-related genes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2018;84:294–303. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.004. PubMed DOI

Mahgoub M., D’souza C., Darmaki R.S.M.H.A., Baniyas M.M., Adeghate E.A. An update on the role of irisin in the regu-lation of endocrine and metabolic functions. Peptides. 2018;104:15–23. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.018. PubMed DOI

Wrann C.D., White J.P., Salogiannnis J., Laznik-Bogoslavski D., Wu J., Ma D., Lin J.D., Greenberg M.E., Spiegelman B.M. Exercise Induces Hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 Pathway. Cell Metab. 2013;18:649–659. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008. PubMed DOI PMC

De Oliveira M., de Sibio M.T., Mathias L.S., Rodrigues B.M., Sakalem M.E., Nogueira C.R. Irisin modulates genes associated with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outcome in human subcutaneous adipocytes cell culture. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2020;515:110917. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110917. PubMed DOI PMC

Ricci N.A., Cunha A.I.L. Physical Exercise for Frailty and Cardiovascular Diseases. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020;1216:115–129. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-33330-0_12. PubMed DOI

Whillier S. Exercise and Insulin Resistance. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2020;1228:137–150. PubMed

Balducci S., Sacchetti M., Haxhi J., Orlando G., D’Errico V., Fallucca S., Menini S., Pugliese G. Physical exercise as therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev. 2014;30:13–23. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2514. PubMed DOI

Ströhle A. Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J. Neural Transm. 2009;116:777–784. doi: 10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x. PubMed DOI

Montero-Fernández N., Serra-Rexach J.A. Role of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderly. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2013;49:131–143. PubMed

De la Rosa A., Olaso-Gonzalez G., Arc-Chagnaud C., Millan F., Salvador-Pascual A., Garcia-Lucerga C., Blasco-Lafarga C., Garcia-Dominguez E., Carretero A., Correas A.G., et al. Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Sport. Health. Sci. 2020;9:394–404. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Pekkala S., Wiklund P.K., Hulmi J.J., Ahtiainen J.P., Horttanainen M., Pöllänen E., Mäkelä K.A., Kainulainen H., Häkkinen K., Nyman K., et al. Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health? J. Physiol. 2013;591:5393–5400. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.263707. PubMed DOI PMC

Timmons J.A., Baar K., Davidsen P.K., Atherton P.J. Is irisin a human exercise gene? Nat. Cell Biol. 2012;488:E9–E10. doi: 10.1038/nature11364. PubMed DOI

Huh J.Y., Panagiotou G., Mougios V., Brinkoetter M., Vamvini M.T., Schneider B.E., Mantzoros C.S. FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentra-tions in response to weight loss and exercise. Metab.Clin.Exp. 2012;61:1725–1738. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Dinas P.C., Lahart I.M., Timmons J.A., Svensson P.A., Koutedakis Y., Flouris A.D., Metsios G.S. Effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a and FNDC5 in muscle, circulating Ιrisin and UCP1 of white adipocytes in humans: A systematic review. F1000Research. 2017;6:286. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11107.1. PubMed DOI PMC

Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71. PubMed DOI PMC

Sterne J.A.C., Savovic J., Page M.J., Elbers R.G., Blencowe N.S., Boutron I., Cates C.J., Cheng H.Y., Corbett M.S., Eldridge S.M., et al. RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4898. PubMed DOI

Sterne J.A., Hernan M.A., Reeves B.C., Savovic J., Berkman N.D., Viswanathan M., Henry D., Altman D.G., Ansari M.T., Boutron I., et al. ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4919. PubMed DOI PMC

Mantel N., Haenszel W. Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1959;22:719–748. doi: 10.1093/jnci/22.4.719. PubMed DOI

Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G., Deeks J.J., Altman D.G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br. Med. J. 2003;327:557–560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557. PubMed DOI PMC

Higgins J.P.T., Li T., Deeks J.J. Chapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In: Higgins J., Thomas J., editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.1. Cochrane; Cochrane, AB, Canada: 2021. [(accessed on 22 June 2021)]. Available online: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.

Alyami R.M., Alhwaikan A.M., Alharbi A.R., Al-Nafisah G. Impact of supervised exercise training on pulmonary function parameters, exercise capacity and Irisin Biomarker in Interstitial lung disease patients. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2020;36:1089–1095. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.1795. PubMed DOI PMC

Amanat S., Sinaei E., Panji M., MohammadporHodki R., Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z., Asadimehr H., Fararouei M., Dianatinasab A. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of 12 Weeks of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercises Training on the Serum Levels of Nesfatin-1, Irisin-1 and HOMA-IR. Front. Physiol. 2020;11:562895. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.562895. PubMed DOI PMC

Bagheri R., Rashidlamir A., Ashtary-Larky D., Wong A., Grubbs B., Motevalli M.S., Baker J.S., Laher I., Zouhal H. Effects of green tea extract supplementation and endurance training on irisin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and adiponectin concentrations in overweight middle-aged men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2020;120:915–923. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04332-6. PubMed DOI

Bang H.S., Seo D.Y., Chung Y.M., Oh K.-M., Park J.J., Arturo F., Jeong S.-H., Kim N., Han J. Ursolic Acid-Induced Elevation of Serum Irisin Augments Muscle Strength During Resistance Training in Men. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2014;18:441–446. doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.5.441. PubMed DOI PMC

Banitalebi E., Kazemi A., Faramarzi M., Nasiri S., Haghighi M.M. Effects of sprint interval or combined aerobic and re-sistance training on myokines in overweight women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Life Sci. 2019;217:101–109. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.062. PubMed DOI

Besse-Patin A., Montastier E., Vinel C., Castan-Laurell I., Louche K., Dray C., Daviaud D., Mir L., Marques M.-A., Thalamas C., et al. Effect of endurance training on skeletal muscle myokine expression in obese men: Identification of apelin as a novel myokine. Int. J. Obes. 2014;38:707–713. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.158. PubMed DOI

Blüher S., Panagiotou G., Petroff D., Markert J., Wagner A., Klemm T., Filippaios A., Keller A., Mantzoros C.S. Effects of a 1-year exercise and lifestyle intervention on irisin, adipokines, and inflammatory markers in obese children. Obesity. 2014;22:1701–1708. doi: 10.1002/oby.20739. PubMed DOI

Boeselt T., Nell C., Lütteken L., Kehr K., Koepke J., Apelt S., Veith M., Beutel B., Spielmanns M., Greulich T., et al. Benefits of High-Intensity Exercise Training to Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Controlled Study. Respiration. 2017;93:301–310. doi: 10.1159/000464139. PubMed DOI

Bonfante I.L.P., Chacon-Mikahil M.P.T., Brunelli D.T., Gáspari A.F., Duft R.G., Lopes W.A., Bonganha V., Libardi C.A., Cavaglieri C.R. Combined training, FNDC5/irisin levels and metabolic markers in obese men: A randomised controlled trial. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017;17:629–637. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1296025. PubMed DOI

Briken S., Rosenkranz S.C., Keminer O., Patra S., Ketels G., Heesen C., Hellweg R., Pless O., Schulz K.-H., Gold S.M. Effects of exercise on Irisin, BDNF and IL-6 serum levels in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 2016;299:53–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.007. PubMed DOI

Brinkmann C., Weh-Gray O., Bloch W., Brixius K., Predel H.-G., Kreutz T. Effects of a Combined Endurance/Strength Training Program on Circulating Irisin Levels in Overweight/Obese Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 2020 doi: 10.1055/a-1284-5428. PubMed DOI

Damirchi A., Hosseini F., Babaei P. Mental Training Enhances Cognitive Function and BDNF More Than Either Physical or Combined Training in Elderly Women With MCI: A Small-Scale Study. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Dementiasr. 2017;33:20–29. doi: 10.1177/1533317517727068. PubMed DOI PMC

De la Torre-Saldaña V.A., Gómez-Sámano M.Á., Gómez-Pérez F.J., Rosas-Saucedo J., León-Suárez A., Grajales-Gómez M., Oseguera-Moguel J., Beyhart A.V., Cuevas-Ramos D. Fasting Insulin and Alanine Amino Transferase, but not FGF21, Were Independent Parameters Related with Irisin Increment after Intensive Aerobic Exercising. Rev. Investig. Clin. 2019;71:133–140. doi: 10.24875/RIC.18002764. PubMed DOI

Dianatinasab A., Koroni R., Bahramian M., Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z., Vaismoradi M., Fararouei M., Amanat S. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises on the plasma irisin levels, HOMA-IR, and lipid profiles in women with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 2020;18:168–176. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.06.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Dundar A., Kocahan S., Sahin L. Associations of apelin, leptin, irisin, ghrelin, insulin, glucose levels, and lipid parameters with physical activity during eight weeks of regular exercise training. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2019;127:291–295. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1635622. PubMed DOI

Dunnwald T., Melmer A., Gatterer H., Salzmann K., Ebenbichler C., Burtscher M., Schobersberger W., Grander W. Su-pervised Short-term High-intensity Training on Plasma Irisin Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J. Sport. Health. Sci. 2019;40:158–164. PubMed

Eaton M., Granata C., Barry J., Safdar A., Bishop D., Little J.P. Impact of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise and short-term interval training on interleukin-6, FNDC5, and METRNL mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. J. Sport Health Sci. 2018;7:191–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Ellefsen S., Vikmoen O., Slettaløkken G., Whist J.E., Nygaard H., Hollan I., Rauk I., Vegge G., Strand T.A., Raastad T., et al. Irisin and FNDC5: Effects of 12-week strength training, and relations to muscle phenotype and body mass composition in untrained women. Graefe’s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2014;114:1875–1888. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2922-x. PubMed DOI

Fernandez-Del-Valle M., Short M.J., Chung E., McComb J., Kloiber S., Naclerio F., Larumbe-Zabala E. Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Circulating Levels of Irisin in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Asian J. Sports Med. 2018;9:e13025. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.13025. DOI

Ghanbari-Niaki A., Saeidi A., Ahmadian M., Gharahcholo L., Naghavi N., Fazelzadeh M., Mahjoub S., Myers S., Williams A. The combination of exercise training and Zataria multiflora supplementation increase serum irisin levels in postmenopausal women. Integr. Med. Res. 2018;7:44–52. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.01.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Hecksteden A., Wegmann M., Steffen A., Kraushaar J., Morsch A., Ruppenthal S., Kaestner L., Meyer T. Irisin and exercise training in humans—Results from a randomized controlled training trial. BMC Med. 2013;11:235. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-235. PubMed DOI PMC

Huang J., Wang S., Xu F., Wang D., Yin H., Lai Q., Liao J., Hou X., Hu M. Exercise training with dietary restriction enhances circulating irisin level associated with increasing endothelial progenitor cell number in obese adults: An intervention study. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3669. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3669. PubMed DOI PMC

Huh J.Y., Mougios V., Skraparlis A., Kabasakalis A., Mantzoros C.S. Irisin in response to acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise in humans. Metabolism. 2014;63:918–921. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.001. PubMed DOI

Jawzal K.H., Alkass S.Y., Hassan A.B., Abdulah D.M. The effectiveness of military physical exercise on irisin concentrations and oxidative stress among male healthy volunteers. Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig. 2020;41:20200007. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0007. PubMed DOI

Kim H.-J., Lee H.-J., So B., Son J.S., Yoon D., Song W. Effect of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training on Circulating Irisin Level and Their Association with Change of Body Composition in Overweight/Obese Adults: A Pilot Study. Physiol. Res. 2016;65:271–279. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.932997. PubMed DOI

Kim J.-H., Kim D.-Y. Aquarobic exercises improve the serum blood irisin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in elderly women. Exp. Gerontol. 2018;104:60–65. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.024. PubMed DOI

Kim S.-J., Yoon E.-S., Jung S.-Y., Kim D.-Y. Effect of uphill walking on browning factor and high molecular weight-adiponectin in postmenopausal women. J. Exerc. Rehab. 2020;16:265–271. doi: 10.12965/jer.2040334.167. PubMed DOI PMC

Korkmaz A., Venojärvi M., Wasenius N., Manderoos S., DeRuisseau K.C., Gidlund E.-K., Heinonen O.J., Lindholm H., Aunola S., Eriksson J.G., et al. Plasma irisin is increased following 12 weeks of Nordic walking and associates with glucose homoeostasis in overweight/obese men with impaired glucose regulation. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2019;19:258–266. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1506504. PubMed DOI

Küster O.C., Laptinskaya D., Fissler P., Schnack C., Zügel M., Nold V., Thurm F., Pleiner S., Karabatsiakis A., von Einem B., et al. Novel Blood-Based Biomarkers of Cognition, Stress, and Physical or Cognitive Training in Older Adults at Risk of Dementia: Preliminary Evidence for a Role of BDNF, Irisin, and the Kynurenine Pathway. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2017;59:1097–1111. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170447. PubMed DOI

Micielska K., Gmiat A., Zychowska M., Kozlowska M., Walentukiewicz A., Lysak-Radomska A., Jaworska J., Rodziewicz E., Duda-Biernacka B., Ziemann E. The beneficial effects of 15 units of high-intensity circuit training in women is modified by age, baseline insulin resistance and physical capacity. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr. 2019;152:156–165. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.009. PubMed DOI

Miyamoto-Mikami E., Sato K., Kurihara T., Hasegawa N., Fujie S., Fujita S., Sanada K., Hamaoka T., Tabata I., Iemitsu M. Endurance training-induced increase in circulating irisin levels is associated with reduction of abdominal visceral fat in mid-dle-aged and older adults. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0120354. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120354. PubMed DOI PMC

Moienneia N., Hosseini S.R.A. Acute and chronic responses of metabolic myokine to different intensities of exercise in sedentary young women. Obes. Med. 2016;1:15–20. doi: 10.1016/j.obmed.2015.12.002. DOI

Moraes C., Leal V.O., Marinho S.M., Barroso S.G., Rocha G.S., Boaventura G.T., Mafra D. Resistance Exercise Training does not Affect Plasma Irisin Levels of Hemodialysis Patients. Horm. Metab. Res. 2013;45:900–904. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1354402. PubMed DOI

Rad M.M., Bijeh N., Hosseini S.R.A., Saeb A.R. The effect of two concurrent exercise modalities on serum concentrations of FGF21, irisin, follistatin, and myostatin in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2020:1–10. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1829649. PubMed DOI

Murawska-Cialowicz E., Wojna J., Zuwala-Jagiello J. Crossfit training changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin levels at rest, after wingate and progressive tests, and improves aerobic capacity and body composition of young physically active men and women. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc. 2015;66:811–821. PubMed

Murawska-Cialowicz E., Wolanski P., Zuwala-Jagiello J., Feito Y., Petr M., Kokstejn J., Stastny P., Goliński D. Effect of HIIT with Tabata Protocol on Serum Irisin, Physical Performance, and Body Composition in Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:3589. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103589. PubMed DOI PMC

Neumayr G., Engler C., Lunger L., Lechleitner P. Effects of a one-week vacation with various activity programs on metab-olism and adipokines. Int. J. Sports. Med. 2021;42:703–707. PubMed

Norheim F., Langleite T.M., Hjorth M., Holen T., Kielland A., Stadheim H.K., Gulseth H.L., Birkeland K.I., Jensen J., Drevon C.A. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC-1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS J. 2014;281:739–749. doi: 10.1111/febs.12619. PubMed DOI

Ozan M., Karakurt S., Aggon E., Agirbas O., Ucan E., Alp H.H. The effects of strength exercises on body composition and irisin. J. Appl. Biomech. 2020;9:178–186.

Ozbay S., Ulupınar S., Şebin E., Altınkaynak K. Acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on serum irisin, adropin, and cholesterol levels in the winter season: Indoor training versus outdoor training. Chin. J. Physiol. 2020;63:21–26. doi: 10.4103/CJP.CJP_84_19. PubMed DOI

Palacios-González B., Vadillo-Ortega F., Polo-Oteyza E., Sánchez T., Ancira-Moreno M., Romero-Hidalgo S., Meráz N., Antuna-Puente B. Irisin levels before and after physical activity among school-age children with different BMI: A direct relation with leptin. Obesity. 2015;23:729–732. doi: 10.1002/oby.21029. PubMed DOI

Planella-Farrugia C., Comas F., Sabater-Masdeu M., Moreno M., Moreno-Navarrete J.M., Rovira O., Ricart W., Fernández-Real J.M. Circulating Irisin and Myostatin as Markers of Muscle Strength and Physical Condition in Elderly Subjects. Front. Physiol. 2019;10:871. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00871. PubMed DOI PMC

Prestes J., da Cunha Nascimento D., Tibana R.A., Teixeira T.G., Vieira D.C.L., Tajra V., de Farias D.L., Silva A.O., Funghetto S.S., de Souza V.C., et al. Understanding the individual responsiveness to resistance training periodization. Age. 2015;37:9793. doi: 10.1007/s11357-015-9793-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Rashid F.A., Abbas H.J., Naser N.A., Ali H.A. Effect of Long-Term Moderate Physical Exercise on Irisin between Normal Weight and Obese Men. Sci. World J. 2020;2020:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2020/1897027. PubMed DOI PMC

Rashti B.A., Mehrabani J., Damirchi A., Babaei P. The influence of concurrent training intensity on serum irisin and ab-dominal fat in postmenopausal women. Prz. Menopauzalny. 2019;18:166–173. PubMed PMC

Roh H.-T., Cho S.-Y., So W.-Y. Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:2505. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072505. PubMed DOI PMC

Sezgin G., Kar F., Uslu S. The effect of nutrition and exercise training on irisin and semaphorin-3E levels in obese patients. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2020:1–10. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1779310. PubMed DOI

Shabani R., Izaddoust F. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on circulating irisin and myostatin in untrained women. Acta Gymnica. 2018;48:47–55. doi: 10.5507/ag.2018.007. DOI

Scharhag-Rosenberger F., Meyer T., Wegmann M., Ruppenthal S., Kaestner L., Morsch A., Hecksteden A. Irisin Does Not Mediate Resistance Training–Induced Alterations in Resting Metabolic Rate. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2014;46:1736–1743. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000286. PubMed DOI

Śliwicka E., Cisoń T., Kasprzak Z., Nowak A., Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Ł. Serum irisin and myostatin levels after 2 weeks of high-altitude climbing. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0181259. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181259. PubMed DOI PMC

Szumilewicz A., Worska A., Piernicka M., Kuchta A., Kortas J., Jastrzȩbski Z., Radzimiński Ł., Jaworska J., Micielska K., Ziemann E. The exercise-induced irisin is associated with improved levels of glucose homeostasis markers in pregnant women participating in 8-week prenatal group fitness program: A pilot study. Biomed. Res. Int. 2017;2017:9414525. doi: 10.1155/2017/9414525. PubMed DOI PMC

Tibana R.A., Nascimento D.D.C., de Souza N.M.F., de Souza V.C., Neto I.V.D.S., Voltarelli F.A., Pereira G.B., Navalta J.W., Prestes J. Irisin levels are not associated to resistance training-induced alterations in body mass composition in older untrained women with and without obesity. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 2017;21:241–246. doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0748-4. PubMed DOI

Tsuchiya Y., Ijichi T., Goto K. Effect of sprint training on resting serum irisin concentration—Sprint training once daily vs. twice every other day. Metabolism. 2016;65:492–495. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.006. PubMed DOI

Vieira D.C.L., Nascimento D.C., Tajra V., Teixeira T.G., Farias D.L., Tibana R.A., Silva A.O., Rosa T.S., De Moraes M.R., Voltarelli F.A., et al. High supervised resistance training in elderly women: The role of supervision ratio. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2020;13:597–606. PubMed PMC

Walentukiewicz A., Lysak-Radomska A., Jaworska J., Prusik K., Prusik K., Kortas J.A., Lipiński M., Babinska A., Antosiewicz J., Ziemann E. Vitamin D Supplementation and Nordic Walking Training Decreases Serum Homocysteine and Ferritin in Elderly Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018;15:2064. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102064. PubMed DOI PMC

Weber-Rajek M., Radzimińska A., Strączyńska A., Strojek K., Piekorz Z., Kozakiewicz M., Styczyńska H. A random-ized-controlled trial pilot study examining the effect of pelvic floor muscle training on the irisin concentration in overweight or obese elderly women with stress urinary incontinence. Biomed. Res. Int. 2019;2019:7356187. doi: 10.1155/2019/7356187. PubMed DOI PMC

Witek K., Zurek P., Zmijewski P., Jaworska J., Lipinska P., Dzedzej-Gmiat A., Antosiewicz J., Ziemann E. Myokines in Response to a Tournament Season among Young Tennis Players. BioMed Res. Int. 2016;2016:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2016/1460892. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhao J., Su Z., Qu C., Dong Y. Effects of 12 Weeks Resistance Training on Serum Irisin in Older Male Adults. Front. Physiol. 2017;8:171. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00171. PubMed DOI PMC

Ohtaki H. Chapter 37—Irisin. In: Takei Y., Ando H., Tsutsui K., editors. Handbook of Hormones. Academic Press; San Diego, CA, USA: 2016. pp. 329–330.

Gouveia M.C., Vella J.P., Cafeo F.R., Fonseca F.L.A., Bacci M.R. Association between irisin and major chronic diseases: A review. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016;20:4072–4077. PubMed

Leustean L., Preda C., Teodoriu L., Mihalache L., Arhire L., Ungureanu M.-C. Role of Irisin in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders—Possible New Therapeutic Agent? Appl. Sci. 2021;11:5579. doi: 10.3390/app11125579. DOI

Cosio P.L., Crespo-Posadas M., Velarde-Sotres A., Pelaez M. Effect of chronic resistance training on circulating irisin: Sys-tematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2021;18:2476. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052476. PubMed DOI PMC

Mousavi S.N., Hassani F., Namadian M. Dietary Patterns and the Intake of Trace Elements in People with Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Adv. Med. Biomed. Res. 2020;28:1–10. doi: 10.30699/jambs.28.126.1. DOI

Jandova T., Narici M.V., Steffl M., Bondi D., D’Amico M., Pavlu D., Verratti V., Fulle S., Pietrangelo T. Muscle hyper-trophy and architectural changes in response to eight-week neuromuscular electrical stimulation training in healthy older people. Life. 2020;10:184. doi: 10.3390/life10090184. PubMed DOI PMC

Albrecht E., Norheim F., Thiede B., Holen T., Ohashi T., Schering L., Lee S., Brenmoehl J., Thomas S., Drevon C.A., et al. Irisin—A myth rather than an exercise-inducible myokine. Sci. Rep. 2015;5:8889. doi: 10.1038/srep08889. PubMed DOI PMC

Atherton P.J., Phillips B.E. Greek goddess or Greek myth: The effects of exercise on irisin/FNDC5 in humans. J. Physiol. 2013;591:5267–5268. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.265371. PubMed DOI PMC

Cao R.Y., Zheng H., Redfearn D., Yang J. FNDC5: A novel player in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Biochimie. 2019;158:111–116. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.001. PubMed DOI

Fox J., Rioux B.V., Goulet E.D.B., Johanssen N.M., Swift D.L., Bouchard D.R., Loewen H., Sénéchal M. Effect of an acute exercise bout on immediate post-exercise irisin concentration in adults: A meta-analysis. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2017;28:16–28. doi: 10.1111/sms.12904. PubMed DOI

Munoz I.Y.M., Camarillo-Romero E.D.S., Garcia J.D.J.G. Irisin a Novel Metabolic Biomarker: Present Knowledge and Future Directions. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2018;2018:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2018/7816806. PubMed DOI PMC

The Effect of Two Somatic-Based Practices Dance and Martial Arts on Irisin, BDNF Levels and Cognitive and Physical Fitness in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial