The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.

A 1 Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland 70211 Kuopio Finland

Aerosol Physics Laboratory Physics Unit Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Tampere University 33720 Tampere Finland

Atmospheric Composition Research Finnish Meteorological Institute 00101 Helsinki Finland

Biotalentum Ltd 2100 Godollo Hungary

Center for Translational Neuromedicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen 2200 Copenhagen Denmark

Centre for Sustainability Environment and Health National Institute for Public Health and the Environment 3721 MA Bilthoven The Netherlands

Centro Mario Molina Chile Strategic Studies Department Santiago 602 Chile

Computer Science Department University of Verona 37129 Verona Italy

Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland 70210 Kuopio Finland

Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS Videnska 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Division of Medicine Respiratory Medicine Umeå University 901 87 Umea Sweden

Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK

Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health Sun Yat sen University Guangzhou 510080 China

Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University 3508 TD Utrecht The Netherlands

IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225 Dusseldorf Germany

Mimetas BV 2312 BZ Oegstgeest The Netherlands

VSParticle B 5 2629 JD Delft The Netherlands

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd 02044 Espoo Finland

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