Coal miners with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP, J60 according to ICD-10) were previously found to have a significantly higher risk of lung carcinoma compared to the general male population. The presented study aimed to analyze the (i) incidence of lung carcinoma in miners, (ii) histopathological findings in cohorts with and without CWP, and (iii) effect of smoking cessation on the histopathological profile. Analyzed cohorts consisted of miners with (n = 3476) and without (n = 6687) CWP. Data on personal and working history obtained from the medical records were combined with information on lung cancer from the Czech Oncological Register and histopathological findings. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests and the incidence risk ratio at the significance level of 5%. In 1992-2015, 180 miners (2.7%) without CWP and 169 (4.9%) with CWP, respectively, were diagnosed with lung carcinoma. The risk of lung cancer in miners with CWP was 1.82 (95% CI: 1.48-2.25) times higher than in those without CWP. Squamous cell carcinoma (37%) was the most common histopathological type, followed by adenocarcinoma (22%) and small cell carcinoma (21%). A statistically significant difference between the cohorts (p = 0.003) was found in the histopathological subtypes, with the incidence of small cell carcinoma being 2 times higher in miners without CWP than in those with CWP. Only a few individuals with lung carcinoma were non-smokers. The incidence of small cell carcinoma, which is strongly associated with smoking, is significantly higher in miners without CWP. Smoking constitutes the most important risk factor for developing lung carcinoma even in that cohort. However, CWP remains a very important risk factor.

Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Syllabova 19 703 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Syllabova 19 703 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Public Health Institute Ostrava Partyzánské Náměstí 7 702 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Tomaskova H., Jirak Z., Splichalova A., Urban P. Cancer Incidence in Czech Black Coal Miners in Association with Coalworkers’ Pneumoconiosis. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 2012;25:137–144. doi: 10.2478/s13382-012-0015-9. PubMed DOI

Tomášková H., Šplíchalová A., Šlachtová H., Urban P., Hajduková Z., Landecká I., Gromnica R., Brhel P., Pelclová D., Jirák Z. Mortality in Miners with Coal-Workers’ Pneumoconiosis in the Czech Republic in the Period 1992–2013. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017;14:269. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14030269. PubMed DOI PMC

Horáček J., Jirák Z., Dobiáš L., Menzlová M., Lehocká H., Tomášková H., Škoda V., Holuša R., Kubačková J. Final Report NR/6578-3 Carcinogenic Risk of Employees Exposed to Dust Containing Crystalline Silica. Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic: 2004. Grant Projects of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic.

Jirák Z., Šplíchalová A., Tomášková H., Lehocká H., Urban P., Horáček J. Final Report: NR/8556-5 Longitudinal Prospective Study of the Risk of Cancer in Workers Exposed to Dust Containing the Crystalline Form of Silica in the Czech Republic. Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic: 2010. Grant Projects of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic.

Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic . Government Regulation No. 114/2011 Amending the Government Regulation No. 290/1995 Establishing a List of Occupational Diseases. Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic: 2011.

Khomenko S., Cirach M., Pereira-Barboza E., Mueller N., Barrera-Gómez J., Rojas-Rueda D., de Hoogh K., Hoek G., Nieuwenhuijsen M. Premature Mortality Due to Air Pollution in European Cities: A Health Impact Assessment. Lancet Planet. Health. 2021;5:e121–e134. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30272-2. PubMed DOI

Jiřík V., Dalecká A., Vašendová V., Janoutová J., Janout V. How Serious Are Health Impacts in One of the Most Polluted Regions of Central Europe? Rev. Environ. Health. 2017;32:177–183. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0031. PubMed DOI

Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment—HAIE Research of the Impact of Life in the Industrial Environment and Air Pollution on the Health and Aging of the Population. [(accessed on 7 January 2021)]. Available online: https://haie.osu.cz/en/main-page/

MZ ČR Czech National Oncological Register. [(accessed on 7 January 2021)]; Available online: http://www.uzis.cz/registry-nzis/nor.

WHO . Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Volume 83 IARC; Lyon, France: 2004. World Health Organization Interntational Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 83 Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking.

Wang W., Xie M., Dou S., Cui L., Zheng C., Xiao W. The Link between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Phenotypes and Histological Subtypes of Lung Cancer: A Case–Control Study. Int. J. COPD. 2018;13:1167–1175. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S158818. PubMed DOI PMC

Hamra G.B., Guha N., Cohen A., Laden F., Raaschou-Nielsen O., Samet J.M., Vineis P., Forastiere F., Saldiva P., Yorifuji T., et al. Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014;122:906–911. doi: 10.1289/ehp/1408092. PubMed DOI PMC

Malhotra J., Malvezzi M., Negri E., La Vecchia C., Boffetta P. Risk Factors for Lung Cancer Worldwide. Eur. Respir. J. 2016;48:889–902. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00359-2016. PubMed DOI

Papi A., Casoni G., Caramori G., Guzzinati I., Boschetto P., Ravenna F., Calia N., Petruzzelli S., Corbetta L., Cavallesco G., et al. COPD Increases the Risk of Squamous Histological Subtype in Smokers Who Develop Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Thorax. 2004;59:679–681. doi: 10.1136/thx.2003.018291. PubMed DOI PMC

Muscat J.E., Wynder E.L. Lung Cancer Pathology in Smokers, Ex-Smokers and Never Smokers. Cancer Lett. 1995;88:1–5. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)03608-L. PubMed DOI

WHO The World Health Organization Histological Typing of Lung Tumours. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1982;77:123–136. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/77.2.123. PubMed DOI

Kollarová H., Čížek L., Koutná J., Beška F., Lorenc J., Janout V. Smoking and the risk of lung cancer according to histological types. Klin. Onkol. 2005;18:69–71.

Yun Y.D., Back J.H., Ghang H., Jee S.H., Kim Y., Lee S.M., Samet J.M., Lee K.S. Hazard Ratio of Smoking on Lung Cancer in Korea According to Histological Type and Gender. Lung. 2016;194:281–289. doi: 10.1007/s00408-015-9836-1. PubMed DOI

Khuder S.A. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Major Histological Types of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Lung Cancer. 2001;31:139–148. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5002(00)00181-1. PubMed DOI

World Health Organization . ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tenth Revision. 2nd ed. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2004.

Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Burke A.P., Marx A., Nicholson A.G. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart. IARC; Lyon, France: 2015. PubMed

Stata Corporation . Stata Statistical Software: Release 14.0. Stata Corporation; College Station, TX, USA: 2015.

Tomášková H., Šplíchalová A., Šlachtová H., Jirák Z. Comparison of Lung Cancer Risk in Black-Coal Miners Based on Mortality and Incidence. Med. Pr. 2020;71:513–518. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.00944. PubMed DOI

ÚZIS Cancer Incidence in the Czech Republic. 2018. [(accessed on 15 August 2021)]. Available online: https://www.uzis.cz/index.php?pg=aktuality&aid=8492.

Lortet-Tieulent J., Soerjomataram I., Ferlay J., Rutherford M., Weiderpass E., Bray F. International Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence by Histological Subtype: Adenocarcinoma Stabilizing in Men but Still Increasing in Women. Lung Cancer. 2014;84:13–22. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.009. PubMed DOI

Houston K.A., Henley S.J., Li J., White M.C., Richards T. Patterns in Lung Cancer Incidence Rates and Trends by Histologic Type in the United States, 2004–2009. Lung Cancer. 2014;86:22–28. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.08.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Pesch B., Kendzia B., Gustavsson P., Jöckel K.H., Johnen G., Pohlabeln H., Olsson A., Ahrens W., Gross I.M., Brüske I., et al. Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer—Relative Risk Estimates for the Major Histological Types from a Pooled Analysis of Case—Control Studies. Int. J. Cancer. 2012;131:1210–1219. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27339. PubMed DOI PMC

Janssen-Heijnen M.L., Coebergh J. Trends in Incidence and Prognosis of the Histological Subtypes of Lung Cancer in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. Lung Cancer. 2001;31:123–137. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5002(00)00197-5. PubMed DOI

Burns D.M., Anderson C.M., Gray N. Do Changes in Cigarette Design Influence the Rise in Adenocarcinoma of the Lung? Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22:13–22. doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9660-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Janssen-Heijnen M.L., Coebergh J. The Changing Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Europe. Lung Cancer. 2003;41:245–258. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5002(03)00230-7. PubMed DOI

Kinoshita F.L., Ito Y., Nakayama T. Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence Rates by Histological Type in 1975-2008: A Population-Based Study in Osaka, Japan. J. Epidemiol. 2016;26:579–586. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20150257. PubMed DOI PMC

Zvolský M., Králíková E., Střítecký J. Trends in Lung Tumor Morphology in NOR Data and Relationships with Cigarette Smoke Composition. Klin. Onkol. 2016;29((Suppl. 2)):2S41.

Ettinger D.S., Aisner J. Changing Face of Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Real and Artifact. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006;24:4526–4527. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.3841. PubMed DOI

Negewo N.A., Gibson P.G., McDonald V.M. COPD and Its Comorbidities: Impact, Measurement and Mechanisms. Respirology. 2015;20:1160–1171. doi: 10.1111/resp.12642. PubMed DOI

Petsonk E.L., Rose C., Cohen R. Coal Mine Dust Lung Disease: New Lessons from an Old Exposure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013;187:1178–1185. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0042CI. PubMed DOI