This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.

Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto 4050 313 Porto Portugal

Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics University Hospital Hradec Králové Sokolská 581 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University Bratislava Odbojárov 10 83232 Bratislava Slovak Republic

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Research Group of Pharmaco Toxicological Analysis Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy

UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit REQUINTE Toxicology Laboratory Biological Sciences Department Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto 4050 313 Porto Portugal

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Biological, dietetic and pharmacological properties of vitamin B9

Ready-to-use therapeutic/supplementary foods from local food resources: Technology accessibility, program effectiveness, and sustainability, a review