Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are pigment-binding proteins that perform one of the most fundamental tasks on Earth, capturing light and transferring energy that enables life in our biosphere. Adaptation to different light environments led to the evolution of an astonishing diversity of light-harvesting systems. At the same time, several strategies have been developed to optimize the light energy input into photosynthetic membranes in response to fluctuating conditions. The basic feature of these prompt responses is the dynamic nature of antenna complexes, whose function readily adapts to the light available. High-resolution microscopy and spectroscopic studies on membrane dynamics demonstrate the crosstalk between antennae and other thylakoid membrane components. With the increased understanding of light-harvesting mechanisms and their regulation, efforts are focusing on the development of sustainable processes for effective conversion of sunlight into functional bio-products. The major challenge in this approach lies in the application of fundamental discoveries in light-harvesting systems for the improvement of plant or algal photosynthesis. Here, we underline some of the latest fundamental discoveries on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of light harvesting that can potentially be exploited for the optimization of photosynthesis.

Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico 2 Naples 80138 Italy

Department of Biophysics Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic

Department of Botany Jagannath University Dhaka 1100 Bangladesh

Department of Life Technologies MolecularPlant Biology University of Turku Turku FI 20520 Finland

Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB Faculty of Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands

Department of Plant Physiology Umeå Plant Science Centre Umeå University Umeå 901 87 Sweden

Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Università di Verona Verona Italy

Electron Microscopy Group Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands

Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell CEA CNRS Université Paris Sud Université Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette 1198 France

Institute for Molecular Biosciences Goethe University of Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany

Laboratory of Biophysics Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands

Photon Systems Instruments spol s r o Drásov Czech Republic

School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK

Université de Paris Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS Paris 75006 France

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Photosystem II supercomplexes lacking light-harvesting antenna protein LHCB5 and their organization in the thylakoid membrane