Salinity stress is one of the major global problems that negatively affect crop growth and productivity. Therefore, ecofriendly and sustainable strategies for mitigating salinity stress in agricultural production and global food security are highly demandable. Sugarcane press mud (PM) is an excellent source of the organic amendment, and the role of PM in mitigating salinity stress is not well understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate how the PM mitigates salinity stress through the regulation of rice growth, yield, physiological properties, and antioxidant enzyme activities in fine rice grown under different salinity stress conditions. In this study, different levels of salinity (6 and 12 dS m-1) with or without different levels of 3, 6, and 9% of SPM, respectively were tested. Salinity stress significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA, 38%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 74.39%), Na+ (61.5%), electrolyte leakage (40.32%), decreased chlorophyll content (32.64%), leaf water content (107.77%), total soluble protein (TSP, 72.28%), and free amino acids (FAA, 75.27%). However, these negative effects of salinity stress were reversed mainly in rice plants after PM application. PM application (9%) remained the most effective and significantly increased growth, yield, TSP, FAA, accumulation of soluble sugars, proline, K+, and activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Thus, these findings suggest a PM-mediated eco-friendly strategy for salinity alleviation in agricultural soil could be useful for plant growth and productivity in saline soils.

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Kafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh Egypt

Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czechia

Grassland and Forage Division National Institute of Animal Science Rural Development Administration Cheonan si South Korea

Institut of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia

Laboratory Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitradisabled Nitra Slovakia

Plant Production Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Research Center on Ecological Sciences Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China

Rice Research Station Bahawalnagar Pakistan

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aebi H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. PubMed DOI

Aghighi S. M., Omidi H., Tabatabaei S. J. (2018). Plant growth and steviol glycosides as affected by foliar application of selenium, boron, and iron under NaCl stress in DOI

Ahanger M. A., Tomar N. S., Tittal M., Argal S., Agarwal R. M. (2017). Plant growth under water/salt stress: ROS production, antioxidants and significance of added potassium under such conditions. PubMed DOI PMC

Al-Ashkar I., Alderfasi A., El-Hendawy S., Al-Suhaibani N., El-Kafafi S., Seleiman M. F. (2019). Detecting salt tolerance in doubled haploid wheat lines. DOI

Alzahib R. H., Migdadi H. M., Al Ghamdi A. A., Alwahibi M. S., Ibrahim A. A., Al-Selwey W. A. (2021). Assessment of morpho-physiological, biochemical and antioxidant responses of tomato landraces to salinity stress. PubMed DOI PMC

Bates L. S., Waldren R. P., Teare I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free Proline for water-stress studies. DOI

Batool M., El-Badri A. M., Hassan M. U., Haiyun Y., Chunyun W., Zhenkun Y., et al. (2022). Drought stress in DOI

Bradford M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. PubMed DOI

Budiyanto G. (2021). The effect of combination of sugarcane pressmud compost and potassium fertilizer on vegetative growth of corn in coastal sandy soil. DOI

Chattha M. U., Hassan M. U., Barbanti L., Chattha M. B., Khan I., Usman M., et al. (2019). Composted sugarcane by-product press mud cake supports wheat growth and improves soil properties. DOI

Dustgeer Z., Seleiman M. F., Imran K., Chattha M. U., Alhammad B. A., Jalal R. S., et al. (2021). Glycine-betaine induced salinity tolerance in maize by regulating the physiological attributes, antioxidant defense system and ionic homeostasis. DOI

El Sabagh A., Islam M. S., Skalicky M., Ali R. M., Singh K., Anwar H. M., et al. (2021). Salinity stress in wheat ( DOI

Fahad S., Bano A. (2012). Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical characterization of maize grown in saline area.

Farid I., Hashem A. N., El-Aty A., Esraa A. M., Abbas M. H., Ali M. (2020). Integrated approaches towards ameliorating a saline sodic soil and increasing the dry weight of barley plants grown thereon.

Farouk S., Al-Huqail A. A. (2020). Sodium nitroprusside application regulates antioxidant capacity, improves phytopharmaceutical production and essential oil yield of marjoram herb under drought. DOI

Fatima A., Hussain S., Hussain S., Ali B., Ashraf U., Zulfiqar U., et al. (2021). Differential morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of maize hybrids to salinity and alkalinity stresses. DOI

Hamilto P. B., Van-Slyke D. D. (1943). Amino acid determination with ninhydrin.

Hasanuzzaman M., Bhuyan M. H. M., Nahar K., Hossain M. D., Mahmud J. A., Hossen M., et al. (2018). Potassium: a vital regulator of plant responses and tolerance to abiotic stresses. DOI

Hassan M. U., Aamer M., Chattha U. M., Haiying T., Khan I., Seleiman M. F., et al. (2021b). Sugarcane distillery spent wash (DSW) as a bio-nutrient supplement: a win-win option for sustainable crop production. DOI

Hassan M. U., Aamer M., Umer Chattha M., Haiying T., Shahzad B., Barbanti L., et al. (2020). The critical role of zinc in plants facing the drought stress. DOI

Hassan M. U., Chattha M. U., Khan I., Chattha M. B., Aamer M., Nawaz M., et al. (2019). Nickel toxicity in plants: reasons, toxic effects, tolerance mechanisms, and remediation possibilities—a review. PubMed DOI

Hassan M. U., Chattha M. U., Khan I., Chattha M. B., Barbanti L., Aamer M., et al. (2021a). Heat stress in cultivated plants: Nature, impact, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies—A review. DOI

Hossain A., El Sabagh A., Bhatt R., Farooq M., Hasanuzzaman M. (2021). “Consequences of Salt and Drought Stresses in Rice and Their Mitigation Strategies through Intrinsic Biochemical Adaptation and Applying Stress Regulators,” in

Imran M., Ashraf M., Awan A. R. (2021). Growth, yield and arsenic accumulation by wheat grown in a pressmud amended salt-affected soil irrigated with arsenic contaminated water. PubMed DOI

Jones J. B., Case V. W. (1990). Sampling, handling, and analyzing plant tissue samples. DOI

Kamran M., Parveen A., Ahmar S., Malik Z., Hussain S., Chattha M. S., et al. (2020). An Overview of hazardous impacts of soil salinity in crops, tolerance mechanisms, and amelioration through selenium supplementation. PubMed DOI PMC

Khaliq A., Zia U. H., Ali F., Aslam A., Matloob A., Navab A., et al. (2015). Salinity tolerance in wheat cultivars is related to enhanced activities of enzymatic antioxidants and reduced lipid peroxidation. DOI

Kumar S., Meena R. S., Jinger D., Jatav H. S., Banjara T. (2017). Use of pressmud compost for improving crop productivity and soil health.

Kumar A., Lata C., Krishnamurthy S. L., Kumar A., Prasad K. R. K., Kulshreshtha N. (2017). Physiological and biochemical characterization of rice varieties under salt and drought stresses.

Kumar V., Chopra A. K. (2016). Effects of sugarcane pressmud on agronomical characteristics of hybrid cultivar of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under field conditions. DOI

Larbi A., Kchaou H., Gaaliche B., Gargouri K., Boulal H., Morales F. (2020). Supplementary potassium and calcium improves salt tolerance in olive plants. DOI

Leal L. D. S. G., Pessoa L. G. M., de Oliveira J. P., Santos N. A., Silva L. F. D. S., Júnior G. B., et al. (2020). Do applications of soil conditioner mixtures improve the salt extraction ability of PubMed DOI

Lichtenthaler H. K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembrane. PubMed DOI

Liu C., Mao B., Yuan D., Chu C., Duan M. (2021). Salt tolerance in rice: physiological responses and molecular mechanisms.

Machado R. M. A., Serralheiro R. P. (2017). Soil salinity: effect on vegetable crop growth. Management practices to prevent and mitigate soil salinization. DOI

Mahmood U., Hussain S., Hussain S., Ali B., Ashraf U., Zamir S., et al. (2021). Morpho-physio-biochemical and molecular responses of maize hybrids to salinity and waterlogging during stress and recovery phase. PubMed DOI PMC

Makarana G., Kumar A., Yadav R. K., Kumar R., Soni P. G., Lata C., et al. (2019). Effect of saline water irrigations on physiological, biochemical and yield attributes of dual purpose pearl millet (

Mannan A. M., Abdul K. M., Moynul H. M., Abdul K. Q., Higuchi H., Nawata E. (2013). Response of soybean to salinity: ii. growth and yield of some selected genotypes.

Mbarki S., Skalicky M., Vachova P., Hajihashemi S., Jouini L., Zivcak M., et al. (2020). Comparing salt tolerance at seedling and germination stages in local populations of Medicago ciliaris L. to PubMed DOI PMC

Meguekam T. L., Moualeu D. P., Taffouo V. D., Stützel H. (2021). Changes in plant growth, leaf relative water content and physiological traits in response to salt stress in peanut ( DOI

Mohanavelu A., Naganna S. R., Al-Ansari (2021). Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on soil and groundwater: an overview of its causes, impacts and mitigation strategies. DOI

Monsur M. B., Datta J., Rohman M. D. M., Hasanuzzaman M., Hossain A., Islam M. S. (2022). “Salt-Induced Toxicity and Antioxidant Response in Oryza sativa: An Updated Review,” in DOI

Monsur M. B., Ivy N. A., Haque M. M., Hasanuzzaman M., El-Sabagh A., Rohman M. M. (2020). Oxidative stress tolerance mechanism in rice under salinity. DOI

Mostofa M. G., Fujita M. (2013). Salicylic acid alleviates copper toxicity in rice seedlings by up-regulating antioxidative and glyoxalase systems. PubMed DOI

Muhammad D., Khattak R. A. (2019). Growth and nutrient concentrations of maize in pressmud treated saline-sodic soils.

Mukherjee S. P., Choudhuri M. A. (1983). Implications of water stress induced changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in DOI

Nahar L., Aycan M., Hanamata S., Baslam M., Mitsui T. (2022). Impact of single and combined salinity and high-temperature stresses on agro-physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses in rice and stress-release. PubMed DOI PMC

Nakano Y., Asada K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts.

Nawaz M., Chattha M. U., Chattha M. B., Ahmad R., Munir H., Usman M., et al. (2017). Assessment of compost as nutrient supplement for spring planted sugarcane (

Naz T., Mazhar Iqbal M., Tahir M., Hassan M. M., Rehmani M. I. A., Zafar M. I., et al. (2021). Foliar application of potassium mitigates salinity stress conditions in spinach ( DOI

Otie V., Udo I., Shao Y., Itam M. O., Okamoto H., An P., et al. (2021). Salinity Effects on Morpho-Physiological and Yield Traits of Soybean ( PubMed DOI PMC

Parveen A., Liu W., Hussain S., Asghar J., Perveen S., Xiong Y. (2019). Silicon priming regulates morpho-physiological growth and oxidative metabolism in maize under drought stress. PubMed DOI PMC

Prapagar K., Indraratne S. P., Premanandharajah P. (2012). Effect of soil amendments on reclamation of saline-sodic soil. DOI

Rao K. M., Sresty T. V. S. (2000). Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea ( PubMed DOI

Seleiman M. F., Aslam M. T., Alhammad B. A., Hassan M. U., Maqbool R., Chattha M. U., et al. (2022). Salinity stress in wheat: effects, mechanisms and management strategies.

Sheoran P., Kumar A., Singh A., Kumar A., Parjapat K., Sharma R., et al. (2021a). Pressmud alleviates soil sodicity stress in a rice–wheat rotation: Effects on soil properties, physiological adaptation and yield-related traits. DOI

Sheoran P., Basak N., Kumar A., Yadav R. K., Singh R., Sharma R., et al. (2021b). Ameliorants and salt tolerant varieties improve rice-wheat production in soils undergoing sodification with alkali water irrigation in Indo–Gangetic Plains of India. DOI

Shrivastava P., Kumar R. (2015). Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. PubMed DOI PMC

Singhal R. K., Saha D., Skalicky M., Mishra U. N., Chauhan J., Behera L. P., et al. (2021). Crucial cell signaling compounds crosstalk and integrative multi-omics techniques for salinity stress tolerance in plants. PubMed DOI PMC

Soni P. G., Yadav R. K., Kumar A., Kumar R., Datt C., Paul K., et al. (2016). Sorghum fodder production and its nutrient composition under different residual sodium carbonate levels in irrigation water. DOI

Steel R. G. D., Torrie J. H., Dickey D. (1997).

Sultan I., Khan I., Chattha M. U., Hassan M. U., Barbanti L., Calone R., et al. (2021). Improved salinity tolerance in early growth stage of maize through salicylic acid foliar application.

Taha R. S., Seleiman M. F., Alotaibi M., Alhammad B. A., Rady M. M., Mahdi A. H. A. (2020). Exogenous potassium treatments elevate salt tolerance and performances of DOI

Talaat N. B., Shawky B. T. (2022). Synergistic effects of salicylic acid and melatonin on modulating ion homeostasis in salt-stressed wheat ( PubMed DOI PMC

Velikova V., Yordanov I., Edreva A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: protective role of exogenous polyamines. DOI

Zhang X. Z. (1982). The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation and SOD, POD and CAT activities in biological system. PubMed DOI

Impact of cobalt and proline foliar application for alleviation of salinity stress in radish