Salinity stress is one of the major global problems that negatively affect crop growth and productivity. Therefore, ecofriendly and sustainable strategies for mitigating salinity stress in agricultural production and global food security are highly demandable. Sugarcane press mud (PM) is an excellent source of the organic amendment, and the role of PM in mitigating salinity stress is not well understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate how the PM mitigates salinity stress through the regulation of rice growth, yield, physiological properties, and antioxidant enzyme activities in fine rice grown under different salinity stress conditions. In this study, different levels of salinity (6 and 12 dS m-1) with or without different levels of 3, 6, and 9% of SPM, respectively were tested. Salinity stress significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA, 38%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 74.39%), Na+ (61.5%), electrolyte leakage (40.32%), decreased chlorophyll content (32.64%), leaf water content (107.77%), total soluble protein (TSP, 72.28%), and free amino acids (FAA, 75.27%). However, these negative effects of salinity stress were reversed mainly in rice plants after PM application. PM application (9%) remained the most effective and significantly increased growth, yield, TSP, FAA, accumulation of soluble sugars, proline, K+, and activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Thus, these findings suggest a PM-mediated eco-friendly strategy for salinity alleviation in agricultural soil could be useful for plant growth and productivity in saline soils.

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Kafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh Egypt

Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czechia

Grassland and Forage Division National Institute of Animal Science Rural Development Administration Cheonan si South Korea

Institut of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources Slovak University of Agriculture Nitra Slovakia

Laboratory Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitradisabled Nitra Slovakia

Plant Production Department College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Research Center on Ecological Sciences Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China

Rice Research Station Bahawalnagar Pakistan

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