Overexpression of proteins/antigens and other gene-related sequences in the bodies could lead to significant mutations and refractory diseases. Detection and identification of assorted trace concentrations of such proteins/antigens and/or gene-related sequences remain challenging, affecting different pathogens and making viruses stronger. Correspondingly, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) mutations/alterations and spread could lead to overexpression of ssDNA and the related antigens in the population and brisk activity in gene-editing technologies in the treatment/detection may lead to the presence of pCRISPR in the blood. Therefore, the detection and evaluation of their trace concentrations are of critical importance. CaZnO-based nanoghosts (NGs) were synthesized with the assistance of a high-gravity technique at a 1,800 MHz field, capitalizing on the use of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract as the templating agent. A complete chemical, physical and biological investigation revealed that the synthesized NGs presented similar morphological features to the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), resulting in excellent biocompatibility, interaction with ssDNA- and/or pCRISPR-surface, through various chemical and physical mechanisms. This comprise the unprecedented synthesis of a fully inorganic nanostructure with behavior that is similar to MSCs. Furthermore, the endowed exceptional ability of inorganic NGs for detective sensing/folding of ssDNA and pCRISPR and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen (RSCSA), along with in-situ hydrogen peroxide detection on the HEK-293 and HeLa cell lines, was discerned. On average, they displayed a high drug loading capacity of 55%, and the acceptable internalizations inside the HT-29 cell lines affirmed the anticipated MSCs-like behavior of these inorganic-NGs.

Biomaterial Group Department of Biomedical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran

Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran

Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran; Nanotechnology Research Centre Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Physics Sharif University of Technology P O Box 11155 9161 Tehran Iran

Department of Physics Sharif University of Technology P O Box 11155 9161 Tehran Iran; School of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam ro Nam gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea

Department of Polymer Technology Faculty of Chemistry Gdánsk University of Technology G Narutowicza 11 12 80 233 Gdánsk Poland

Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Hamadan University of Medical Sciences 6517838736 Hamadan Iran

Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University Orta Mahalle Üniversite Caddesi No 27 Orhanlı Tuzla 34956 Istanbul Turkey

Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul Porto Alegre RS Brazil

Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Centre for Materials Interfaces Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Pisa Italy

Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran; Department of Immunology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacky University Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

School of Chemistry Damghan University Damghan 36716 41167 Iran

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