Among explored nanomaterials, nanosponge-based systems have exhibited inhibitory effects for the biological neutralization of, and antiviral delivery against, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More studies could pave the path for clarification of their biological neutralization mechanisms as well as the assessment of their long-term biocompatibility and biosafety issues before clinical translational studies. In this review, we discuss recent advances pertaining to antiviral delivery and inhibitory effects of nanosponges against SARS-CoV-2, focusing on important challenges and opportunities. Finally, as promising approaches for recapitulating the complex structure of different organs/tissues of the body, we discuss the use of 3D in vitro models to investigate the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to find therapeutic targets to better manage and eradicate coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).

Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacky University in Olomouc Slechtitelu 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Stanford Cardiovascular Institute Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA; Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA

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