Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is currently the hemodialysis access with the longest life expectations for the patients. However, even the AVF is at risk for many complications, especially the development of stenosis. The latter can not only lead to inadequate hemodialysis but also lead to AVF thrombosis. Duplex Doppler ultrasonography is a very precise method, in the hands of experienced professionals, for the diagnosis of AVF complications. In this review, we summarize the ultrasound diagnostic criteria of significant stenoses and their indication for procedural therapy.

3rd Department of Internal Medicine General University Hospital U Nemocnice 2 12808 Prague Czech Republic

Center for Vascular Access 1st Faculty of Medicine of General University Hospital Charles University 12108 Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Jan Evangelista Purkyne University 40096 Usti nad Labem Czech Republic

Vascular Laboratory Bravis Hospital 4624 VT Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands

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