Macrolepiota procera (MP) is an edible mushroom used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and inflammation. However, the structure and biological effects of its polysaccharides (PSs) are unclear. This study investigates the structural features of a PS complex from MP (MP-PSC), its immunomodulatory activities and effects on probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. MP-PSC was obtained by boiling water, and PSs were characterized by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The immunomodulatory effects on blood and derived neutrophils, other leukocytes, and murine macrophages were studied by flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, and ELISA. The total carbohydrate content of MP-PSC was 74.2%, with glycogen occupying 36.7%, followed by β-D-glucan, α-L-fuco-2-(1,6)-D-galactan, and β-D-glucomannan. MP-PSC (200 μg/mL) increased the number of CD14+ monocyte cells in the blood, after ex vivo incubation for 24 h. It dose-dependently (50-200 μg/mL) activated the spontaneous oxidative burst of whole blood phagocytes, NO, and interleukin 6 productions in RAW264.7 cells. MP-PSC exhibited a low antioxidant activity and failed to suppress the oxidative burst and NO generation, induced by inflammatory agents. It (2.0%, w/v) stimulated probiotic co-cultures and hindered the growth and biofilm development of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella enterica. MP PSs can be included in synbiotics to test their immunostimulating effects on compromised immune systems and gut health.

Bulgarian NMR Centre Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 9 Acad Georgi Bonchev Str 1113 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Biophysics of Immune System Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences 135 Kralovopolska 612 65 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biotechnology University of Food Technologies 26 Maritza Blvd 4002 Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of Developmental Biology Plovdiv University Paisii Hilendarski 24 Tsar Assen Str 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of General Microbiology The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 26 Acad Georgi Bonchev Str 1113 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo P O Box 1068 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway

Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 139 Ruski Blvd 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria

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