Smart hydrogels based on natural polymers present an opportunity to fabricate responsive scaffolds that provide an immediate and reversible reaction to a given stimulus. Modulation of mechanical characteristics is especially interesting in myocyte cultivation, and can be achieved by magnetically controlled stiffening. Here, hyaluronan hydrogels with carbonyl iron particles as a magnetic filler are prepared in a low-toxicity process. Desired mechanical behaviour is achieved using a combination of two cross-linking routes-dynamic Schiff base linkages and ionic cross-linking. We found that gelation time is greatly affected by polymer chain conformation. This factor can surpass the influence of the number of reactive sites, shortening gelation from 5 h to 20 min. Ionic cross-linking efficiency increased with the number of carboxyl groups and led to the storage modulus reaching 103 Pa compared to 101 Pa-102 Pa for gels cross-linked with only Schiff bases. Furthermore, the ability of magnetic particles to induce significant stiffening of the hydrogel through the magnetorheological effect is confirmed, as a 103-times higher storage modulus is achieved in an external magnetic field of 842 kA·m-1. Finally, cytotoxicity testing confirms the ability to produce hydrogels that provide over 75% relative cell viability. Therefore, dual cross-linked hyaluronan-based magneto-responsive hydrogels present a potential material for on-demand mechanically tunable scaffolds usable in myocyte cultivation.

CEBIA Tech Faculty of Applied Informatics Tomas Bata University in Zlin Nad Stráněmi 4511 760 05 Zlin Czech Republic

Centre of Polymer Systems Tomas Bata University in Zlin tř Tomáše Bati 5678 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of Physics and Materials Engineering Faculty of Technology Tomas Bata University in Zlin Vavrečkova 275 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic

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Smart Biopolymer Scaffolds Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Carbonyl Iron Microparticles: 3D Printing, Magneto-Responsive, and Cytotoxicity Study

Magneto-responsive hyaluronan hydrogel for hyperthermia and bioprinting: Magnetic, rheological properties and biocompatibility