Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants are simultaneously encountered by environmental stressors, most importantly salinity stress. Salinity is the major hurdle that can negatively impact growth and crop yield. Understanding the salt stress and its associated complex trait mechanisms for enhancing salt tolerance in rice plants would ensure future food security. The main aim of this review is to provide insights and impacts of molecular-physiological responses, biochemical alterations, and plant hormonal signal transduction pathways in rice under saline stress. Furthermore, the review highlights the emerging breakthrough in multi-omics and computational biology in identifying the saline stress-responsive candidate genes and transcription factors (TFs). In addition, the review also summarizes the biotechnological tools, genetic engineering, breeding, and agricultural practicing factors that can be implemented to realize the bottlenecks and opportunities to enhance salt tolerance and develop salinity tolerant rice varieties. Future studies pinpointed the augmentation of powerful tools to dissect the salinity stress-related novel players, reveal in-depth mechanisms and ways to incorporate the available literature, and recent advancements to throw more light on salinity responsive transduction pathways in plants. Particularly, this review unravels the whole picture of salinity stress tolerance in rice by expanding knowledge that focuses on molecular aspects.

Avram and Stella Goldstein Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel

College of Horticulture and Gardening Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China

Department of Biotechnology Science Campus Alagappa University Karaikudi 630 003 India

Department of Botany Science Campus Alagappa University Karaikudi 630 003 India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Crop Science College of Sanghuh Life Science Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Korea

Department of GreenBio Science Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52725 Korea

Department of Horticultural Science Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52725 Korea

Department of Life Sciences National University of Kaohsiung Kaohsiung 811 Taiwan

Department of Oral and Maxillofaciel Surgery Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai 602 105 India

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Trichy 620 027 India

Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute Jeju National University Jeju 63243 Korea

The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva 84105 Israel

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