In the past, several animal disease models were developed to study the molecular mechanism of neurological diseases and discover new therapies, but the lack of equivalent animal models has minimized the success rate. A number of critical issues remain unresolved, such as high costs for developing animal models, ethical issues, and lack of resemblance with human disease. Due to poor initial screening and assessment of the molecules, more than 90% of drugs fail during the final step of the human clinical trial. To overcome these limitations, a new approach has been developed based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The discovery of iPSCs has provided a new roadmap for clinical translation research and regeneration therapy. In this article, we discuss the potential role of patient-derived iPSCs in neurological diseases and their contribution to scientific and clinical research for developing disease models and for developing a roadmap for future medicine. The contribution of humaniPSCs in the most common neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, diabetic neuropathy, stroke, and spinal cord injury) were examined and ranked as per their published literature on PUBMED. We have observed that Parkinson's disease scored highest, followed by Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we also explored recent advancements in the field of personalized medicine, such as the patient-on-a-chip concept, where iPSCs can be grown on 3D matrices inside microfluidic devices to create an in vitro disease model for personalized medicine.

Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Alej Svobody 1655 76 32300 Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 753 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Immunochemistry Diagnostics University Hospital Pilsen 30955 Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Alej Svobody 1655 76 32300 Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Alej Svobody 1655 76 32300 Pilsen Czech Republic

Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics The Czech Academy of Science Veveří 97 60200 Brno Czech Republic

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