Monkeypox is a rare viral infection, endemic in many central and western African countries. The last international outbreak of monkeypox reported outside Africa occurred back in 2003. However, monkeypox has reemerged at a global scale with numerous confirmed cases across the globe in 2022. The rapid spread of cases through different countries has raised serious concerns among public health officials worldwide prompting accelerated investigations aimed to identify the origins and cause of the rapid expansion of cases. The current situation is reminiscent of the very early stages of the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Overlapping features between these, two seemingly alike viral entities include the possibility for airborne transmission and the currently unexplained and rapid spread across borders. Early recognition of cases and timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. Measures should include rapid and accurate diagnosis of cases meeting case definitions, active surveillance efforts, and appropriate containment of confirmed cases. Governments and health policymakers must apply lessons learned from previous outbreaks and start taking active steps toward limiting the recent global spread of monkeypox. Herein, we discuss the status of the current monkeypox outbreaks worldwide, the epidemiological and public health situation at a global scale and what can be done to keep at bay its further expansion and future global implications.

Boston University MA 02215 USA

Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología UR Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad del Rosario Bogotá Colombia

College of Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia

Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Department Faculty of Medicine Umm Al Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia

Department of Dermatovenerology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University University Hospital Bulovka Prague Czech Republic

Department of Infectious Diseases University of Salerno Salerno Italy

Department of Internal Medicine McLaren Health Care Flint Michigan 48532 USA

Department of Internal Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48823 USA

Department of Internal Medicine Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Santander Colombia

Department of Microbiology Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal

Department of Pathology Molecular and Cell Based Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA

Department of Public Health and Nutrition The University of Haripur Haripur 22610 Pakistan

Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology Mayo Clinic Phoenix AZ USA

Division of Infectious Diseases University of Colorado Aurora CO USA

Emerge Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes y Cambio Climático Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru

Facultad de Medicina Humana Universidad de San Martín de Porres Chiclayo Peru

Faculty of Medicine Benha University Benha 13518 Egypt

Faculty of Medicine Beni Suef Univesity Beni Suef 62511 Egypt

Faculty of Medicine Kafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh 33511 Egypt

Faculty of Medicine Suez Canal University Ismailia 41511 Egypt

Faculty of Medicine University of Algiers Algiers 16000 Algeria

Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina Faculty of Medicine Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas 660003 Pereira Risaralda Colombia

Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina Faculty of Medicine Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas Pereira Risaralda Colombia

Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA

Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez Mexico City Mexico

Infectious Diseases Department Botucatu Medical School UNESP Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases São Paulo SP Brazil

Infectious Diseases Division Department of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA

Infectious Diseases Division Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA

Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas Pereira Risaralda Colombia

Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Bhubaneswar 751003 India

Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas São Paulo SP Brazil Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases São Paulo SP Brazil

Investigador SNI Senacyt Panamá Clinical Research Deparment Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud Panama City Panama

Kyoto University School of Public Health Yoshidakonoecho Sakyoku Kyoto City 6068501 Japan

Latin American Network on MOnkeypox VIrus research Pereira Risaralda Colombia

Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Universidad Científica del Sur Lima 4861 Peru

Medicine Department Infectious Diseases Service Hospital Santo Tomas Panama City Panama

Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Dhahran 31311 Saudi Arabia

School of Medicine of the International University of Ecuador Quito Ecuador

Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Dhahran Saudi Arabia

Tanta University Hospitals 31516 Egypt

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