Biodiversity monitoring is an almost inconceivable challenge at the scale of the entire Earth. The current (and soon to be flown) generation of spaceborne and airborne optical sensors (i.e., imaging spectrometers) can collect detailed information at unprecedented spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. These new data streams are preceded by a revolution in modeling and analytics that can utilize the richness of these datasets to measure a wide range of plant traits, community composition, and ecosystem functions. At the heart of this framework for monitoring plant biodiversity is the idea of remotely identifying species by making use of the 'spectral species' concept. In theory, the spectral species concept can be defined as a species characterized by a unique spectral signature and thus remotely detectable within pixel units of a spectral image. In reality, depending on spatial resolution, pixels may contain several species which renders species-specific assignment of spectral information more challenging. The aim of this paper is to review the spectral species concept and relate it to underlying ecological principles, while also discussing the complexities, challenges and opportunities to apply this concept given current and future scientific advances in remote sensing.

Azim Premji University PES Institute of Technology Campus Bangalore India

Biogeography BayCEER University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany

BIOME Lab Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Bologna Italy

Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark

Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA

Department Landscape Ecology and Environmental System Analysis Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

Department of Biological Sciences Murray State University Murray KY USA

Department of Biology Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark

Department of Chemistry Physics Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy

Department of Earth and Environmental Science Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia

Department of Environmental Biology University of Rome La Sapienza Rome Italy

Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA

Department of Geography Remote Sensing Laboratories University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Department of Geography University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Geography University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Department of GIS and Remote Sensing Institute of Botany The Czech Acad Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic

Department of Land Air and Water Resources University of California Davis Davis CA USA

Department of Remote Sensing University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg Germany

Department of Spatial Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Faculty of Environmental Sciences Praha Czech Republic

Earth Science Division NASA Headquarters Washington DC USA

Faculty of Geo Information Science and Earth Observation University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands

Geography Department Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA

Natural Environment Centre Finnish Environment Institute Helsinki Finland

Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands

Remote Sensing Center for Earth System Research University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

School of Geography University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham UK

Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources Department Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige Italy

UMR CNRS 7058 Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France

UMR TETIS IRSTEA Montpellier Maison de la Télédétection Montpellier Cedex 5 France

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