In the last few years, the progress made in the field of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to develop and synthesize nanosized materials with unique physicochemical characteristics, suitable for various biomedical applications. Amongst these nanomaterials, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained increasing interest due to their excellent properties, which to a great extent differ from their bulk counterpart. However, despite such positive advantages, a substantial body of literature reports on their cytotoxic effects, which are directly correlated to the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties, therefore, better control over the synthetic parameters will not only lead to favorable surface characteristics but may also increase biocompatibility and consequently lower cytotoxicity. Taking into consideration the enormous biomedical potential of MONPs, the present review will discuss the most recent developments in this field referring mainly to synthesis methods, physical and chemical characterization and biological effects, including the pro-regenerative and antitumor potentials as well as antibacterial activity. Moreover, the last section of the review will tackle the pressing issue of the toxic effects of MONPs on various tissues/organs and cell lines.

Advanced Institute for Materials Research Sendai 980 8577 Japan

Chemistry Department King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 80203 Saudi Arabia

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology University of Bucharest 91 95 Splaiul Independentei 050095 Bucharest Romania

Department of Chemistry and Biology Chemistry and Structure of Novel Materials University of Siegen Paul Bonatz Str 9 11 57076 Siegen Germany

Department of Materials Science WW4 LKO Friedrich Alexander University 91058 Erlangen Germany

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacky University Listopadu 50A 772 07 Olomouc Czech Republic

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