In sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity, colour, firmness, and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection. However, resolution is usually too low in those analyses to directly target candidate genes, and some associations are missed. In contrast, genome-wide association studies are performed on broad collections of accessions, and assemblies of reference sequences from Tieton and Satonishiki cultivars enable identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms after whole-genome sequencing, providing high marker density. Two hundred and thirty-five sweet cherry accessions were sequenced and phenotyped for harvest time and fruit colour, firmness, and size. Genome-wide association studies were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with each trait, which were verified in breeding material consisting of 64 additional accessions. A total of 1 767 106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. At that density, significant single nucleotide polymorphisms could be linked to co-inherited haplotype blocks (median size ~10 kb). Thus, markers were tightly associated with respective phenotypes, and individual allelic combinations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms provided links to distinct phenotypes. In addition, yellow-fruit accessions were sequenced, and a ~ 90-kb-deletion on chromosome 3 that included five MYB10 transcription factors was associated with the phenotype. Overall, the study confirmed numerous quantitative trait loci from bi-parental populations using high-diversity accession populations, identified novel associations, and genome-wide association studies reduced the size of trait-associated loci from megabases to kilobases and to a few candidate genes per locus. Thus, a framework is provided to develop molecular markers and evaluate and characterize genes underlying important agronomic traits.

Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Šlechtitelů 31 Olomouc 779 00 Czech Republic

Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd Holovousy 129 Holovousy 508 01 Czech Republic

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