Explaining broad molecular, phenotypic and species biodiversity patterns necessitates a unifying framework spanning multiple evolutionary scales. Here we argue that although substantial effort has been made to reconcile microevolution and macroevolution, much work remains to identify the links between biological processes at play. We highlight four major questions of evolutionary biology whose solutions require conceptual bridges between micro and macroevolution. We review potential avenues for future research to establish how mechanisms at one scale (drift, mutation, migration, selection) translate to processes at the other scale (speciation, extinction, biogeographic dispersal) and vice versa. We propose ways in which current comparative methods to infer molecular evolution, phenotypic evolution and species diversification could be improved to specifically address these questions. We conclude that researchers are in a better position than ever before to build a synthesis to understand how microevolutionary dynamics unfold over millions of years.

CNRS UMR5174 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier Toulouse France

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA

Department of Biology University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland

Department of Botany and Program in Ecology and Evolution University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA

Department of Computational Biology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Zoology and Department of Mathematics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Departments of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

Dept of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID USA

Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the CAS Prague Czech Republic

Mário Schenberg Institute São Paulo Brazil

Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway

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Single-fly genome assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life

Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life