IMPORTANCE: Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates. EVIDENCE REVIEW: The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019. FINDINGS: In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts.

Academic Public Health England Public Health England London England United Kingdom

Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran

Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences Amity University Noida India

Applied Biomedical Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran

Associazione Italiana Ricerca Oncologica di Base Padova Italy

Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia

Biotechnology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran

Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program University of Florida Health Cancer Center Gainesville

Cancer Registry of Norway Oslo Norway

Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran

Center for Biomedicine and Community Health International School Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam

Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Swat Mingora Pakistan

Centre for Applied Health Economics Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia

Centre for Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India

Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia

Children's Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care Cordoba Spain

Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates

College of Dental Medicine Qatar University Doha Qatar

College of Dentistry Jazan University Jazan Saudi Arabia

College of Medicine University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates

College of Nursing and Health Sciences Flinders University Adelaide South Australia Australia

Competence Center of Mortality Follow Up of the German National Cohort Federal Institute for Population Research Wiesbaden Germany

Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia

Czech National Centre for Evidence based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Czech National Centre for Evidence Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Anatomy All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur India

Department of Anatomy Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain Busaiteen Bahrain

Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania

Department of Applied Mathematics College of Arts and Sciences University of Washington Seattle

Department of Banking and Finance University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq

Department of Biochemistry Government Medical College Mysuru India

Department of Biochemistry Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain Busaiteen Bahrain

Department of Biochemistry University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia

Department of Biology College of Science Salahaddin University Erbil Iraq

Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences University of Catania Catania Italy

Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Medical Research Institute Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics King Hussein Cancer Center Amman Jordan

Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences Zanjan Iran

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Catania Catania Italy

Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands

Department of Clinical Biochemistry Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Clinical Epidemiology Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology Bremen Germany

Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China

Department of Clinical Oncology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences College of Pharmacy University of South Carolina Columbia

Department of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova Craiova Romania

Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan Milan Italy

Department of Community Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Mahidol University Ratchathewi Thailand

Department of Community Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur India

Department of Community Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Community Medicine Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Sawangi India

Department of Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences Rajarata University of Sri Lanka Anuradhapura Sri Lanka

Department of Community Medicine Kasturba Medical College Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangalore India

Department of Community Medicine Kasturba Medical College Manipal Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India

Department of Community Medicine Lady Hardinge Medical College New Delhi India

Department of Community Medicine University College Hospital Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Comprehensive Nursing Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia

Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Kurdistan Hewler Erbil Iraq

Department of Computer Science College of Arts and Sciences Boston University Boston Massachusetts

Department of Computer Science University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq

Department of Data and Tooling Sage Bionetworks Seattle Washington

Department of Dental Public Health Airlangga University Surabaya Indonesia

Department of Dental Public Health Faculty of Dentistry King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Department of Dentistry Radboud University Nijmegen the Netherlands

Department of Dermatology Kobe University Kobe Japan

Department of Entomology Faculty of Science Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Department of Environmental Health College of Medicine and Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia

Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Milan Italy

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Columbia

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Medicine Wuhan University Wuhan China

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran

Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine 1 M Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion College of Dentistry New York University New York New York

Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Croatian Institute of Public Health Zagreb Croatia

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine University Hospital Saadna Abdenour Setif Algeria

Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville

Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands

Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia

Department of Epidemiology Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health Mumbai India

Department of Epidemiology School of Preventive Oncology Patna India

Department of Epidemiology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran

Department of Forensic Chemistry Government Institute of Forensic Science Aurangabad India

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Kasturba Medical College Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangalore India

Department of General Surgery and Surgical Medical Specialties University of Catania Catania Italy

Department of Genetics Sana Institute of Higher Education Sari Iran

Department of Genetics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Genomics and Digital Health Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology Seoul South Korea

Department of Global Health School of Public Health Boston University Boston Massachusetts

Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Health and Biological Sciences Abasyn University Peshawar Pakistan

Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Health Informatics Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia

Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle

Department of Health Policy Research Public Health Foundation of India Gurugram India

Department of Health Systems and Policy Research Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar India

Department of Hematology Oncology Baystate Medical Center Springfield Massachusetts

Department of Histopathology University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Maiduguri Nigeria

Department of Human Pathology University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria

Department of Hypertension Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences Sirjan School of Medical Sciences Sirjan Iran

Department of Immunology Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran

Department of Immunology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran

Department of Immunology Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran

Department of Information Technology Lebanese French University Erbil Iraq

Department of Information Technology University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq

Department of Internal Medicine Mount Auburn Hospital Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts

Department of International Studies Non Communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran Iran

Department of Mathematics University of California Berkeley

Department of Medical Biochemistry Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences Rafsanjan Iran

Department of Medical Biochemistry Shaqra University Shaqra Saudi Arabia

Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran

Department of Medical Oncology Cancer Institute Chennai India

Department of Medical Oncology Regional Institute of Oncology Iaşi Romania

Department of Medical Oncology University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa Iaşi Iaşi Romania

Department of Medical Statistics University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Department of Medical Surgical Nursing Nasibeh School of Nursing and Midwifery Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran

Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston

Department of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran

Department of Medicine Service US Department of Veterans Affairs Birmingham Alabama

Department of Medicine University Ferhat Abbas of Setif Setif Algeria

Department of Medicine University of Setif Algeria Setif Algeria

Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden

Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata India

Department of Molecular Microbiology Indian Council of Medical Research New Delhi India

Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Nursing College of Medical and Health Sciences Wollega University Nekemte Ethiopia

Department of Nursing Dire Dawa University Dire Dawa Ethiopia

Department of Nursing Saveh University of Medical Sciences Saveh Iran

Department of Nursing School of Nursing Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran

Department of Nursing Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran

Department of Oncology Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara Romania

Department of Ophthalmology Iran University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Karad India

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Radiology and Medicine College of Dentistry New York University New York New York

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysore India

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Justus Liebig University of Giessen Giessen Germany

Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Oral Health Faculty of Health Autonomous University of Manizales Manizales Colombia

Department of Oral Health Non Communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran Iran

Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology School of Dental Medicine Harvard University Boston Massachusetts

Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology King George's Medical University Lucknow India

Department of Oral Medicine School of Dentistry University of Washington Seattle

Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital Shimogga India

Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology School of Dentistry Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Father Muller Medical College Mangalore India

Department of Paediatric Surgery Federal Medical Centre Umuahia Nigeria

Department of Pathology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran

Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins Medicine Baltimore Maryland

Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Faculty of Dentistry Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans

Department of Pharmacology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China

Department of Physiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur India

Department of Plastic Surgery University of Texas Houston

Department of Polymer Technology Faculty of Chemistry Gdańsk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland

Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

Department of Preventive Medicine College of Medicine Korea University Seoul South Korea

Department of Preventive Oncology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India

Department of Primary Care and Public Health Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London England United Kingdom

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Clinical Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria

Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan

Department of Public Health College of Medicine Madda Walabu University Bale Goba Ethiopia

Department of Public Health Dentistry Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Karad India

Department of Public Health Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Public Health Ministry of Health Herrera Panama

Department of Public Health Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences Torbat Jam Iran

Department of Public Health Torrens University Australia Melbourne Victoria Australia

Department of Pulmonology Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan

Department of Radiation Oncology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India

Department of Radiodiagnosis All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bathinda India

Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran

Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins Medicine Baltimore Maryland

Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta Indonesia

Department of Surgery National Hospital of Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lanka

Department of Surgery National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore

Department of Surgical Oncology All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur India

Department of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative Gandra Portugal

Department of Translational Health Economics Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany

Development of Research and Technology Center Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran Iran

Diplomacy and Public Relations Department University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq

Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle

Division of Hematology Oncology Department of Pediatrics University of Washington Seattle

Dortmund Clinic Dortmund Germany

Emergency Department Manian Medical Centre Erode India

Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Endocrinology Unit Department of Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy

Environmental Health Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran

Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione G Pascale Naples Italy

Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector Institute of Oncology Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Evidence Based Practice Center Program Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester Minnesota

Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London London England United Kingdom

Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Coventry University Coventry England United Kingdom

Faculty of Health and Social Sciences Bournemouth University Bournemouth England United Kingdom

Faculty of Information Technology Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia

Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Faculty of Medicine University of Azuay Cuenca Ecuador

Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Future Technology Research Center National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan

Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran

Geriatric and Long Term Care Department Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar

Global Consortium for Public Health Research Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha India

Global Health Governance Programme University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland United Kingdom

Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran

Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan

Hacettepe University Cancer Institute Ankara Turkey

Harvard Medical School Harvard University Boston Massachusetts

Health Informatics Lab Boston University Boston Massachusetts

Health Information Management Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran

Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Health Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Health Workforce Department World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland

Heersink School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham

Indian Council of Medical Research New Delhi India

Inovus Medical St Helens England United Kingdom

Institute for Cancer Research Prevention and Clinical Network Florence Italy

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle

Institute for Research and Innovation in Health University of Porto Porto Portugal

Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan

Institute of Population Health Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool England United Kingdom

Institute of Public Health University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia

Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam

Internal Medicine Department King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

International Center of Medical Sciences Research Islamabad Pakistan

Kasturba Medical College Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangalore India

Kasturba Medical College Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India

Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran

Living Systems Institute University of Exeter Exeter England United Kingdom

Manipal College of Dental Sciences Manipal Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India

MAZUMS Office Universal Scientific Education and Research Network Tehran Iran

Medical Ain Shams Research Institute Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Medical Laboratory Sciences Sirjan School of Medical Sciences Sirjan Iran

Ministry of Health Herrera Panama

Modestum LTD Eastbourne England United Kingdom

Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences Foundation University Islamabad Pakistan

Mysore Medical College and Research Institute Government Medical College Mysore India

National Data Management Center for Health Ethiopian Public Health Institute Addis Ababa Ethiopia

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Rockville Maryland

National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland

National Institute of Epidemiology Indian Council of Medical Research Chennai India

National School of Public Health Institute of Health Carlos 3 Madrid Spain

Network of Immunity in Infection Malignancy and Autoimmunity Tehran Iran

NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia

Non Communicable Diseases Committee National Institute for Medical Research Development Tehran Iran

Non Communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Obesity Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Oncological Network Institute for Cancer Research Prevention and Clinical Network Florence Italy

Oral Medicine Clinic School of Dentistry University of Washington Seattle

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio

Pathology Department Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea

Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute Lodz Poland

Population and Patient Health Group King's College London London England United Kingdom

Postgraduate Institute of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka

Public Health Center Ministry of Health and Welfare Wando South Korea

Public Health Foundation of India Gurugram India

Public Health Sciences Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington

Quality and Systems Performance Unit Cancer Institute NSW Sydney New South Wales Australia

Rabigh Faculty of Medicine King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Research and Development Department Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Shiraz Iran

Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Rumailah Hospital Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar

Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India

Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India

School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences Charles Sturt University Orange New South Wales Australia

School of Dentistry Sana'a University Sana'a Yemen

School of Dentistry State University of Montes Claros Montes Claros Brazil

School of Dentistry University of Leeds Leeds England United Kingdom

School of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia

School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

School of Health Professions and Human Services Hofstra University Hempstead New York

School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China

School of Medicine Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia

School of Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China

School of Oral and Dental Sciences University of Bristol Bristol England United Kingdom

School of Pharmacy Monash University Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia

School of Population and Public Health Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

School of Public Health and Health Management University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

School of Public Health Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran

School of Public Health Salale University Fiche Ethiopia

School of Public Health University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

School of Public Health Zhejiang University Zhejiang China

Section Global Health and Rehabilitation Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway

Sharjah Institute for Medical Research University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates

Social Determinants of Health Research Center Saveh University of Medical Sciences Saveh Iran

Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Students' Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Surgery Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland

Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

The Institute of Applied Health Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland United Kingdom

Toxicology Department Shriram Institute for Industrial Research Delhi India

Tropical Medicine Department Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Tanta Egypt

Udyam Global Association for Sustainable Development Bhubaneswar India

UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology Utkal University Bhubaneswar India

Unit of Genetics and Public Health Institute of Medical Sciences Las Tablas Panama

Unit of Microbiology and Public Health Institute of Medical Sciences Las Tablas Panama

University Centre Varazdin University North Varazdin Croatia

University Institute of Public Health The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan

University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan

University of Florida Health Cancer Center Gainesville

Vision and Eye Research Institute Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge England United Kingdom

Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry England United Kingdom

WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training Imperial College London London England United Kingdom

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