Robots are defined as programmable machines that can perform specified tasks. Medical robots are emerging solutions in the field of cardiology leveraging recent technological innovations of control systems, sensors, actuators, and imaging modalities. Robotic platforms are successfully applied for percutaneous coronary intervention, invasive cardiac electrophysiology procedures as well as surgical operations including minimally invasive aortic and mitral valve repair, coronary artery bypass procedures, and structural heart diseases. Furthermore, machines are used as staff-assisting tools to support nurses with repetitive clinical duties i.e., food delivery. High precision and resolution allow for excellent maneuverability, enabling the performance of medical procedures in challenging anatomies that are difficult or impossible using conventional approaches. Moreover, robot-assisted techniques protect operators from occupational hazards, reducing exposure to ionizing radiation, and limiting risk of orthopedic injuries. Novel automatic systems provide advantages for patients, ensuring device stability with optimized utilization of fluoroscopy. The acceptance of robotic technology among healthcare providers as well as patients paves the way for widespread clinical application in the field of cardiovascular medicine. However, incorporation of robotic systems is associated with some disadvantages including high costs of installation and expensive disposable instrumentations, the need for large operating room space, and the necessity of dedicated training for operators due to the challenging learning curve of robotic-assisted interventional systems.

Cardiology Department George Papanikolaou General Hospital 570 10 Thessaloniki Greece

Department of Biochemical Sciences Pomeranian Medical University 70 204 Szczecin Poland

Department of Cardiac Surgery Upper Silesian Heart Center 40 635 Katowice Poland

Department of Gastroenterology Pomeranian Medical University 71 455 Szczecin Poland

Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases Medical University of Silesia 40 635 Katowice Poland

InBioSens 31 351 Krakow Poland

Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology Group International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital Brno 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Pediatric Cardiology Department Great Ormond Street Hospital London WC1N 3JH UK

Polish American Heart of Poland 47 200 Kedzierzyn Kozle Poland

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