This review provides a detailed exploration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts, emphasizing structural phases, heterophase junctions, and their impact on efficiency. Key points include diverse synthesis methods, with a focus on the sol-gel route and variants like low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis (LTHT). The review delves into the influence of acid-base donors on gelation, dissects crucial drying techniques for TiO2 aerogel or xerogel catalysts, and meticulously examines mechanisms underlying photocatalytic activity. It highlights the role of physicochemical properties in charge diffusion, carrier recombination, and the impact of scavengers in photo-oxidation/reduction. Additionally, TiO2 doping techniques and heterostructures and their potential for enhancing efficiency are briefly discussed, all within the context of environmental applications.

CEITEC Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkynova 656 123 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Brno University of Technology Technicka 2 616 69 Brno Czech Republic

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