We have investigated whether mycobiont identity and environmental conditions affect morphology and physiology of the chlorophyllous orchid: Cremastra variabilis. This species grows in a broad range of environmental conditions and associates with saprotrophic rhizoctonias including Tulasnellaceae and saprotrophic non-rhizoctonian fungi from the family Psathyrellaceae. We cultured the orchid from seeds under aseptic culture conditions and subsequently inoculated the individuals with either a Tulasnellaceae or a Psathyrellaceae isolate. We observed underground organ development of the inoculated C. variabilis plants and estimated their nutritional dependency on fungi using stable isotope abundance. Coralloid rhizome development was observed in all individuals inoculated with the Psathyrellaceae isolate, and 1-5 shoots per seedling grew from the tip of the coralloid rhizome. In contrast, individuals associated with the Tulasnellaceae isolate did not develop coralloid rhizomes, and only one shoot emerged per plantlet. In darkness, δ13C enrichment was significantly higher with both fungal isolates, whereas δ15N values were only significantly higher in plants associated with the Psathyrellaceae isolate. We conclude that C. variabilis changes its nutritional dependency on fungal symbionts depending on light availability and secondly that the identity of fungal symbiont influences the morphology of underground organs.

Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Lesní 322 25243 Průhonice Czechia

Division of Academic Resources and Specimens Hokkaido University Museum Kita 10 jo Nishi 8 chome Kita ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060 0810 Japan

Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Université EPHE CP 39 57 rue Cuvier F 75005 Paris France

Institut Universitaire de France Paris France

Ishikawa Prefectural University 1 308 Suematsu Nonoichi Ishikawa 921 8836 Japan

Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden The Netherlands

The Mt Fuji Institute for Nature and Biology Showa University 4562 Kamiyoshida Fujiyoshida Yamashi 403 0005 Japan

Tsukuba Botanical Garden National Museum of Nature and Science 4 1 1 Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 0005 Japan

University of Gdańsk Faculty of Biology Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology; ul Wita Stwosza 59 80 308 Gdańsk Poland

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