Polyploidy is widely recognized as a major mechanism of sympatric speciation in plants, yet little is known about its effects on interactions with other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the most common plant symbionts and play an important role in plant nutrient supply. It remains to be understood whether mycorrhizal associations of ploidy-variable plants can be ploidy-specific. We examined mycorrhizal associations in three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae), involving G. conopsea s.s. and G. densiflora, at different spatial scales and during different ontogenetic stages. We analysed: adults from mixed- and single-ploidy populations at a regional scale; closely spaced adults within a mixed-ploidy site; and mycorrhizal seedlings. All Gymnadenia cytotypes associated mainly with saprotrophic Tulasnellaceae (Basidiomycota). Nonetheless, both adults and seedlings of diploids and their autotetraploid derivatives significantly differed in the identity of their mycorrhizal symbionts. Interploidy segregation of mycorrhizal symbionts was most pronounced within a site with closely spaced adults. This study provides the first evidence that polyploidization of a plant species can be associated with a shift in mycorrhizal symbionts. This divergence may contribute to niche partitioning and facilitate establishment and co-existence of different cytotypes.

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Benátská 2 Prague 128 01 Czech Republic

Faculty of Agriculture University of South Bohemia Studentská 13 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic

Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Průhonice 1 252 43 Czech Republic

Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier ENFA CNRS UMR 5174 118 route de Narbonne Toulouse Cedex 31062 France

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