The escalating problem of compound arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils necessitates the urgency for effective remediation strategies. This is compounded by the opposing geochemical behaviors of As and Cd in soil, and the efficacy of biochar treatment remains unclear. This pioneering study integrated 3780 observation pairs referred from 92 peer-reviewed articles to investigate the impact of iron-modified biochar on As and Cd responses across diverse soil environments. Regarding the treatments, 1) biochar significantly decreased the exchangeable and acid-soluble fraction of As (AsF1, 20.9%) and Cd (CdF1, 24.0%) in paddy fields; 2) iron-modified biochar significantly decreased AsF1 (32.0%) and CdF1 (27.4%); 3) iron-modified biochar in paddy fields contributed to the morphological changes in As and Cd, mainly characterized by a decrease in AsF1 (36.5%) and CdF1 (36.3%) and an increase in the reducible fraction of As (19.7%) and Cd (39.2%); and 4) iron-modified biochar in paddy fields increased As (43.1%) and Cd (53.7%) concentrations in the iron plaque on root surfaces. We conclude that iron-modified biochar treatment of paddy fields is promising in remediating As and Cd contamination by promoting the formation of iron plaque.

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Faculty of Environmental Sciences Department of Environmental Geosciences Kamýcká 129 165 21 Praha 6 Suchdol Czech Republic

Environmental Sciences Group School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand

Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro Environment and Agro Products Safety College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China

Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan Shenzhen Branch Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenzhen 518124 China

School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University Foshan 528000 China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro environmental Pollution Control and Management Institute of Eco environmental and Soil Sciences Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 China

State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri Biological Resources Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China

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