In the modern "omics" era, measurement of the human exposome is a critical missing link between genetic drivers and disease outcomes. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), routinely used in proteomics and metabolomics, has emerged as a leading technology to broadly profile chemical exposure agents and related biomolecules for accurate mass measurement, high sensitivity, rapid data acquisition, and increased resolution of chemical space. Non-targeted approaches are increasingly accessible, supporting a shift from conventional hypothesis-driven, quantitation-centric targeted analyses toward data-driven, hypothesis-generating chemical exposome-wide profiling. However, HRMS-based exposomics encounters unique challenges. New analytical and computational infrastructures are needed to expand the analysis coverage through streamlined, scalable, and harmonized workflows and data pipelines that permit longitudinal chemical exposome tracking, retrospective validation, and multi-omics integration for meaningful health-oriented inferences. In this article, we survey the literature on state-of-the-art HRMS-based technologies, review current analytical workflows and informatic pipelines, and provide an up-to-date reference on exposomic approaches for chemists, toxicologists, epidemiologists, care providers, and stakeholders in health sciences and medicine. We propose efforts to benchmark fit-for-purpose platforms for expanding coverage of chemical space, including gas/liquid chromatography-HRMS (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS), and discuss opportunities, challenges, and strategies to advance the burgeoning field of the exposome.

Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99354 United States

Biomarkers Core Laboratory Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York New York 10032 United States

Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology Department of Physiological Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 United States

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 United States

Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261 United States

Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York New York 10032 United States

Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 United States

Department of Environmental Health Sciences Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut 06520 United States

Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York 10029 United States

Department of Environmental Science Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm University SE 106 91 Stockholm Sweden

Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 United States

Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna 1010 Vienna Austria

Department of Medicine School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia 30322 United States

Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta Georgia 30322 United States

Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht 3584CM The Netherlands

Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Italian National Research Council 00015 Monterotondo Rome Italy

National Facility for Exposomics Metabolomics Platform Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm University Solna 171 65 Sweden

NILU Fram Centre Tromsø NO 9296 Norway

NILU PO Box 100 NO 2027 Kjeller Norway

RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic

School of Engineering Brown University Providence Rhode Island 02912 United States

Thermo Fisher Scientific San Jose California 95134 United States

Thermo Fisher Scientific Somerset New Jersey 08873 United States

Univ Rennes Inserm EHESP Irset UMR_S 1085 Rennes France

UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15232 United States

West Coast Metabolomics Center University of California Davis Davis California 95616 United States

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