Plants and algae play a crucial role in the earth's ecosystems. Through photosynthesis they convert light energy into chemical energy, capture CO2 and produce oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Photosynthetic organisms are primary producers and synthesize the essential omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. They have also unique and highly diverse complex lipids, such as glycolipids, phospholipids, triglycerides, sphingolipids and phytosterols, with nutritional and health benefits. Plant and algal lipids are useful in food, feed, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries but also for green chemistry and bioenergy. The analysis of plant and algal lipidomes represents a significant challenge due to the intricate and diverse nature of their composition, as well as their plasticity under changing environmental conditions. Optimization of analytical tools is crucial for an in-depth exploration of the lipidome of plants and algae. This review highlights how lipidomics analytical tools can be used to establish a complete mapping of plant and algal lipidomes. Acquiring this knowledge will pave the way for the use of plants and algae as sources of tailored lipids for both industrial and environmental applications. This aligns with the main challenges for society, upholding the natural resources of our planet and respecting their limits.

Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology 07745 Jena Germany

Department of Food Science and Technology University of West Attica Ag Spiridonos str Egaleo 12243 Athens Greece

Department of Food Science Gilat Research Center Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Institute M P Negev 8531100 Israel

Department of Lipid Chemistry Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad G Bonchev Street bl 9 BG 1113 Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Postharvest Science Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion 7505101 Israel

Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS Université de Strasbourg 12 rue du Général Zimmer F 67083 Strasbourg France

Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche University of Montpellier ENSCN UMR 5247 CNRS France

Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Latvia Riga Latvia

Institute of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Ke Karlovu 5 CZ 12116 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Eduardo Cabello 6 E 36208 Vigo Galicia Spain

Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200 CNRS Université de Bordeaux CNRS Villenave d'Ornon France

Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale CNRS INRAE CEA Grenoble Alpes Univ 38000 Grenoble France

Laboratory of Applied Phycology Department of Biology University of Malta Msida MSD 2080 Malta

Mass Spectrometry Centre LAQV REQUIMTE Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Santiago University Campus Aveiro 3810 193 Portugal

Mass Spectrometry Centre LAQV REQUIMTE Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Santiago University Campus Aveiro 3810 193 Portugal; CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Santiago University Campus Aveiro 3810 193 Portugal

Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory The French Associates Institute for Dryland Agriculture and Biotechnology The J Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben Gurion University Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000 Israel

Solar Fuels Laboratory Center of New Technologies University of Warsaw 02 097 Warsaw Poland

Sorbonne Université CNRS Integrative Biology of Marine Models 29680 Roscoff France

Université de Lorraine INRAE IAM Nancy France

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