Body size reduction is a universal response to warming, but its ecological consequences across biological levels, from individuals to ecosystems, remain poorly understood. Most biological processes scale with body size, and warming-induced changes in body size can therefore have important ecological consequences. To understand these consequences, we propose a unifying, hierarchical framework for the ecological impacts of intraspecific body size reductions due to thermal plasticity that explicitly builds on three key pathways: morphological constraints, bioenergetic constraints and surface-to-volume ratio. Using this framework, we synthesize key consequences of warming-induced body size reductions at multiple levels of biological organization. We outline how this trait-based framework can improve our understanding, detection and generalization of the ecological impacts of warming.

Czech Academy of Sciences Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 České Budějovice 37005 Czech Republic

Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 České Budějovice 37005 Czech Republic

INRAE Aix Marseille University UMR RECOVER 3275 Route de Cézanne CS 40061 Aix en Provence Cedex 5 13182 France

Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology University of Leuven Debériotstraat 32 Leuven 3000 Belgium

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Differences in Tri-Trophic Community Responses to Temperature-Dependent Vital Rates, Thermal Niche Mismatches and Temperature-Size Rule

Ecological consequences of body size reduction under warming