Among the main benefits of powder-based materials is the possibility of combining different constituents to achieve enhanced properties of the fabricated bulk material. The presented study characterizes the micro- and sub-structures and related mechanical properties of ferritic steel strengthened with a fine dispersion of nano-sized Y2O3 oxide particles. Unlike the typical method of preparation via rolling, the material presented herein was fabricated by direct consolidation from a mixture of powders using the versatile method of hot rotary swaging. The mechanical properties were evaluated at room temperature and also at 1300 °C to document the suitability of the prepared steel for high-temperature applications. The results showed that the imposed shear strain, i.e., swaging ratio, is a crucial parameter influencing the microstructure and, thus, material behavior. The workpiece subjected to the swaging ratio of 1.4 already exhibited a sufficiently consolidated structure with ultra-fine grains and featured high room-temperature microhardness values (up to 690 HV0.5), as well as a relatively high maximum flow stress (~88 MPa) when deformed at the temperature of 1300 °C with the strain rate of 0.5 s-1. However, the dispersion of oxides within this sample exhibited local inhomogeneities. Increasing the swaging ratio to 2.5 substantially contributed to the homogenization of the distribution of the Y2O3 oxide particles, which resulted in increased homogeneity of mechanical properties (lower deviations from the average values), but their lower absolute values due to the occurrence of nucleating nano-sized recrystallized grains.

Department of Metallurgical Technologies Faculty of Materials Science and Technology VŠB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 708 00 Ostrava Poruba Czech Republic

Faculty of Civil Engineering Brno University of Technology Veveří 331 95 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of Technology Technická 2896 616 00 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Physics of Materials Czech Academy of Sciences Žižkova 22 616 00 Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Kuranova N.N., Makarov V.V., Pushin V.G., Ustyugov Y.M. Influence of Heat Treatment and Deformation on the Structure, Phase Transformation, and Mechanical Behavior of Bulk TiNi-Based Alloys. Metals. 2022;12:2188. doi: 10.3390/met12122188. DOI

Gordienko A.I., Malikov A.G., Volochaev M.N., Panyukhina A.D. Influence of Chemical Composition and Thermomechanical Treatment of Low-Carbon Steels on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Their Laser Welded Joints. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2022;839:142845. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.142845. DOI

Radionova L.V., Perevozchikov D.V., Makoveckii A.N., Eremin V.N., Akhmedyanov A.M., Rushchits S.V. Study on the Hot Deformation Behavior of Stainless Steel AISI 321. Materials. 2022;15:4057. doi: 10.3390/ma15124057. PubMed DOI PMC

Kunčická L., Kocich R., Lowe T.C. Advances in Metals and Alloys for Joint Replacement. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2017;88:232–280. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.002. DOI

Macháčková A., Krátká L., Petrmichl R., Kunčická L., Kocich R. Affecting Structure Characteristics of Rotary Swaged Tungsten Heavy Alloy via Variable Deformation Temperature. Materials. 2019;12:4200. doi: 10.3390/ma12244200. PubMed DOI PMC

Kunčická L., Kocich R. Optimizing Electric Conductivity of Innovative Al-Cu Laminated Composites via Thermomechanical Treatment. Mater. Des. 2022;215:110441. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110441. DOI

Tikhonova M., Kaibyshev R., Belyakov A. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels after Dynamic and Post-Dynamic Recrystallization Treatment. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2018;20:1700960. doi: 10.1002/adem.201700960. DOI

Wang X., Kustov S., Van Humbeeck J. A Short Review on the Microstructure, Transformation Behavior and Functional Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Materials. 2018;11:1683. doi: 10.3390/ma11091683. PubMed DOI PMC

Maznichevskii A.N., Goikhenberg Y.N., Sprikut R.V. Electron-Microscopy Investigation of Excess-Phase Precipitates Affecting the Intergranular Corrosion of Chromium–Nickel Austenitic Steels. Phys. Met. Metallogr. 2021;122:362–369. doi: 10.1134/S0031918X2103011X. DOI

Zhurerova L.G., Rakhadilov B.K., Popova N.A., Kylyshkanov M.K., Buranich V.V., Pogrebnjak A.D. Effect of the PEN/C Surface Layer Modification on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of the 30CrMnSiA Mild-Carbon Steel. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020;9:291–300. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.057. DOI

Ukai S., Hatakeyama K., Mizuta S., Fujiwara M., Okuda T. Consolidation Process Study of 9Cr-ODS Martensitic Steels. J. Nucl. Mater. 2002;307–311:758–762. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01044-9. DOI

Sagaradze V.V., Kozlov K.A., Kataeva N.V. Oxide-Dispersion Strengthened Radiation-Resistant Steels. Phys. Met. Metallogr. 2018;119:1350–1353. doi: 10.1134/S0031918X18130112. DOI

Raman L., Gothandapani K., Murty B.S. Austenitic Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels: A Review. Def. Sci. J. 2016;66:316. doi: 10.14429/dsj.66.10205. DOI

Macháčková A., Kocich R., Bojko M., Kunčická L., Polko K. Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Flue Gases Heat Recovery via Condensing Heat Exchanger. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2018;124:1321–1333. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.04.051. DOI

Verma L., Dabhade V.V. Synthesis of Fe-15Cr-2W Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) Steel Powders by Mechanical Alloying. Powder Technol. 2023;425:118554. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118554. DOI

Meng B., Xiong Y., Zhong W., Duan S., Li H. Progressive Collapse Behaviour of Composite Substructure with Large Rectangular Beam-Web Openings. Eng. Struct. 2023;295:116861. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116861. DOI

Gerasimidis S., Ellingwood B. Twenty Years of Advances in Disproportionate Collapse Research and Best Practices since 9/11/2001. J. Struct. Eng. 2023;149:02022002. doi: 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12056. DOI

Razumovskii I., Bokstein B., Logacheva A., Logachev I., Razumovsky M. Cohesive Strength and Structural Stability of the Ni-Based Superalloys. Materials. 2021;15:200. doi: 10.3390/ma15010200. PubMed DOI PMC

Dmitrieva A., Mukin D., Sorokin I., Stankevich S., Klimova-Korsmik O. Laser-Directed Energy Deposition of Ni-Based Superalloys with a High Content of γ’-Phase Using Induction Heating. Mater. Lett. 2023;353:135217. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135217. DOI

Atrazhev V.V., Burlatsky S.F., Dmitriev D.V., Furrer D., Kuzminyh N.Y., Lomaev I.L., Novikov D.L., Stolz S., Reynolds P. The Mechanism of Grain Boundary Serration and Fan-Type Structure Formation in Ni-Based Superalloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 2020;51:3648–3657. doi: 10.1007/s11661-020-05790-5. DOI

Sundar R.S., Deevi S.C. High-Temperature Strength and Creep Resistance of FeAl. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2003;357:124–133. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00261-2. DOI

Miller M.K., Hoelzer D.T., Kenik E.A., Russell K.F. Stability of Ferritic MA/ODS Alloys at High Temperatures. Intermetallics. 2005;13:387–392. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2004.07.036. DOI

Ramar A., Schäublin R. Analysis of Hardening Limits of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel. J. Nucl. Mater. 2013;432:323–333. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.07.024. DOI

Schaeublin R., Leguey T., Spätig P., Baluc N., Victoria M. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Two ODS Ferritic/Martensitic Steels. J. Nucl. Mater. 2002;307–311:778–782. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01193-5. DOI

Ates H., Turker M., Kurt A. Effect of Friction Pressure on the Properties of Friction Welded MA956 Iron-Based Superalloy. Mater. Des. 2007;28:948–953. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.09.015. DOI

Zhang Z., Saleh T.A., Maloy S.A., Anderoglu O. Microstructure Evolution in MA956 Neutron Irradiated in ATR at 328 °C to 4.36 Dpa. J. Nucl. Mater. 2020;533:152094. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152094. DOI

Wilshire B., Lieu T.D. Deformation and Damage Processes during Creep of Incoloy MA957. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2004;386:81–90. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(04)00969-4. DOI

Miller M., Hoelzer D., Kenik E., Russell K. Nanometer Scale Precipitation in Ferritic MA/ODS Alloy MA957. J. Nucl. Mater. 2004;329–333:338–341. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.04.085. DOI

Capdevila C., Miller M.K., Russell K.F., Chao J., González-Carrasco J.L. Phase Separation in PM 2000TM Fe-Base ODS Alloy: Experimental Study at the Atomic Level. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2008;490:277–288. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.029. DOI

Tang Q., Hoshino T., Ukai S., Leng B., Hayashi S., Wang Y. Refinement of Oxide Particles by Addition of Hf in Ni-0.5 Mass%Al-1 Mass%Y2O3 Alloys. Mater. Trans. 2010;51:2019–2024. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2010163. DOI

Ngala W.O., Maier H.J. Creep–Fatigue Interaction of the ODS Superalloy PM 1000. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2009;510–511:429–433. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.06.056. DOI

Lu C., Lu Z., Wang X., Xie R., Li Z., Higgins M., Liu C., Gao F., Wang L. Enhanced Radiation-Tolerant Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel and Its Microstructure Evolution under Helium-Implantation and Heavy-Ion Irradiation. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:40343. doi: 10.1038/srep40343. PubMed DOI PMC

Allen T.R., Gan J., Cole J.I., Miller M.K., Busby J.T., Shutthanandan S., Thevuthasan S. Radiation Response of a 9 Chromium Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel to Heavy Ion Irradiation. J. Nucl. Mater. 2008;375:26–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.11.001. DOI

Fu A., Liu B., Liu B., Cao Y., Wang J., Liao T., Li J., Fang Q., Liaw P.K., Liu Y. A Novel Cobalt-Free Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Medium-Entropy Alloy with Outstanding Mechanical Properties and Irradiation Resistance. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2023;152:190–200. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.11.061. DOI

Wang Y., Wang B., Luo L., Oliveira J.P., Li B., Yan H., Liu T., Zhao J., Wang L., Su Y., et al. Effects of Process Atmosphere on Additively Manufactured FeCrAl Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel: Printability, Microstructure and Tensile Properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2023;882:145438. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.145438. DOI

Staltsov M.S., Chernov I.I., Bogachev I.A., Kalin B.A., Olevsky E.A., Lebedeva L.J., Nikitina A.A. Optimization of Mechanical Alloying and Spark-Plasma Sintering Regimes to Obtain Ferrite–Martensitic ODS Steel. Nucl. Mater. Energy. 2016;9:360–366. doi: 10.1016/j.nme.2016.08.020. DOI

Sagaradze V.V., Litvinov A.V., Shabashov V.A., Vil’danova N.F., Mukoseev A.G., Kozlov K.A. New Method of Mechanical Alloying of ODS Steels Using Iron Oxides. Phys. Met. Metallogr. 2006;101:566–576. doi: 10.1134/S0031918X06060081. DOI

Owusu-Mensah M., Jublot-Leclerc S., Gentils A., Baumier C., Ribis J., Borodin V.A. In Situ TEM Thermal Annealing of High Purity Fe10wt%Cr Alloy Thin Foils Implanted with Ti and O Ions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2019;461:219–225. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2019.10.009. DOI

Xu H., Lu Z., Wang D., Liu C. Effect of Zirconium Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 15Cr-ODS Ferritic Steels Consolidated by Hot Isostatic Pressing. Fusion Eng. Des. 2017;114:33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.11.011. DOI

Shulga A.V. A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties and the Behavior of Carbon and Boron in Stainless Steel Cladding Tubes Fabricated by PM HIP and Traditional Technologies. J. Nucl. Mater. 2013;434:133–140. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.11.008. DOI

Hary B., Logé R., Ribis J., Mathon M.-H., Van Der Meer M., Baudin T., de Carlan Y. Strain-Induced Dissolution of Y–Ti–O Nano-Oxides in a Consolidated Ferritic Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) Steel. Materialia. 2018;4:444–448. doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2018.11.002. DOI

Li Y., Zhang J., Shan Y., Yan W., Shi Q., Yang K., Shen J., Nagasasa T., Muroga T., Yang H., et al. Anisotropy in Creep Properties and Its Microstructural Origins of 12Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferrite Steels. J. Nucl. Mater. 2019;517:307–314. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.01.049. DOI

Wang Y., Lin J., Liu B., Chen Y., Li D., Wang H., Shen Y. Nanosized Oxide Phases in Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Steel PM2000. Philos. Mag. 2021;101:2514–2527. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2021.1979677. DOI

Leng B., Ukai S., Sugino Y., Tang Q., Narita T., Hayashi S., Wan F., Ohtsuka S., Kaito T. Recrystallization Texture of Cold-Rolled Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Steel. ISIJ Int. 2011;51:951–957. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.951. DOI

Wu S., Li J., Li C., Li Y., Xiong L., Liu S. Preliminary Study on the Fabrication of 14Cr-ODS FeCrAl Alloy by Powder Forging. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2021;83:49–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.032. DOI

Kumar D., Prakash U., Dabhade V.V., Laha K., Sakthivel T. High Yttria Ferritic ODS Steels through Powder Forging. J. Nucl. Mater. 2017;488:75–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.12.043. DOI

Li Y., Shen J., Li F., Yang H., Kano S., Matsukawa Y., Satoh Y., Fu H., Abe H., Muroga T. Effects of Fabrication Processing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Oxide Dispersion Strengthening Steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2016;654:203–212. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.032. DOI

Jayasankar K., Pandey A., Mishra B.K., Das S. In-Situ Formation of Complex Oxide Precipitates during Processing of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Steels. Fusion Eng. Des. 2016;102:14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.11.004. DOI

Böhmermann F., Hasselbruch H., Herrmann M., Riemer O., Mehner A., Zoch H.-W., Kuhfuss B. Dry Rotary Swaging–Approaches for Lubricant Free Process Design. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Technol. 2015;2:325–331. doi: 10.1007/s40684-015-0039-2. DOI

Kunčická L., Kocich R. Effect of Activated Slip Systems on Dynamic Recrystallization during Rotary Swaging of Electro-Conductive Al-Cu Composites. Mater. Lett. 2022;321:10–13. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132436. DOI

Strunz P., Kunčická L., Beran P., Kocich R., Hervoches C. Correlating Microstrain and Activated Slip Systems with Mechanical Properties within Rotary Swaged WNiCo Pseudoalloy. Materials. 2020;13:208. doi: 10.3390/ma13010208. PubMed DOI PMC

Kunčická L., Kocich R., Németh G., Dvořák K., Pagáč M. Effect of Post Process Shear Straining on Structure and Mechanical Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel Manufactured via Powder Bed Fusion. Addit. Manuf. 2022;59:103128. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.103128. DOI

Kocich R., Szurman I., Kursa M., Fiala J. Investigation of Influence of Preparation and Heat Treatment on Deformation Behaviour of the Alloy NiTi after ECAE. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2009;512:100–104. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.01.054. DOI

Hlaváč L.M., Kocich R., Gembalová L., Jonšta P., Hlaváčová I.M. AWJ Cutting of Copper Processed by ECAP. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2016;86:885–894. doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-8236-2. DOI

Kocich R., Greger M., Macháčková A. Finite Element Investigation of Influence of Selected Factors on ECAP Process; Proceedings of the METAL 2010: 19th International Metallurgical and Materials Conference; Roznov pod Radhostem, Czech Republic. 18–20 May 2010; pp. 166–171.

Valiev R.Z., Straumal B., Langdon T.G. Using Severe Plastic Deformation to Produce Nanostructured Materials with Superior Properties. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2022;52:357–382. doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-081720-123248. DOI

Lim S.J., Choi H.J., Yoon D.J., Jeong H.G., Lee C.H. Product Geometry for Process Parameter during Rotary Swaging Process as Chipless Forming Process. Mater. Sci. Forum. 2007;544–545:439–442. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.544-545.439. DOI

Kocich R., Kunčická L. Optimizing Structure and Properties of Al/Cu Laminated Conductors via Severe Shear Strain. J. Alloys Compd. 2023;953:170124. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170124. DOI

Kuhfuss B., Moumi E., Piwek V. Micro Rotary Swaging: Process Limitations and Attempts to Their Extension. Microsyst. Technol. 2008;14:1995–2000. doi: 10.1007/s00542-008-0633-0. DOI

Chen X., Liu C., Jiang S., Chen Z., Wan Y. Fabrication of Nanocrystalline High-Strength Magnesium−Lithium Alloy by Rotary Swaging. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2022;24:2100666. doi: 10.1002/adem.202100666. DOI

Chen X., Liu C., Wan Y., Jiang S., Han X., Chen Z. Formation of Nanocrystalline AZ31B Mg Alloys via Cryogenic Rotary Swaging. J. Magnes. Alloys. 2023;11:1580–1591. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.11.021. DOI

Suryanarayana C. Mechanical Alloying: A Critical Review. Mater. Res. Lett. 2022;10:619–647. doi: 10.1080/21663831.2022.2075243. DOI

Kocich R., Kunčická L., Benč M. Development of Microstructure and Properties within Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel Directly Consolidated by Hot Rotary Swaging. Mater. Lett. 2023;353:135276. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135276. DOI

Mao X., Oh K.H., Jang J. Evolution of Ultrafine Grained Microstructure and Nano-Sized Semi-Coherent Oxide Particles in Austenitic Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel. Mater. Charact. 2016;117:91–98. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.04.022. DOI

Xu R., Geng Z., Wu Y., Chen C., Ni M., Li D., Zhang T., Huang H., Liu F., Li R., et al. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened NiCrFeY Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Adv. Powder Mater. 2022;1:100056. doi: 10.1016/j.apmate.2022.100056. DOI

Verlinden B., Driver J., Samajdar I., Doherty R.D. Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Metallic Materials. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2007.

Chou T.S. Recrystallisation Behaviour and Grain Structure in Mechanically Alloyed Oxide Dispersion Strengthened MA956 Steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 1997;223:78–90. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(96)10473-1. DOI

Kunčická L., Kocich R., Strunz P., Macháčková A. Texture and Residual Stress within Rotary Swaged Cu/Al Clad Composites. Mater. Lett. 2018;230:88–91. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2018.07.085. DOI

Strunz P., Kocich R., Canelo-Yubero D., Macháčková A., Beran P., Krátká L. Texture and Differential Stress Development in W/Ni-Co Composite after Rotary Swaging. Materials. 2020;13:2869. doi: 10.3390/ma13122869. PubMed DOI PMC

Kunčická L., Macháčková A., Lavery N.P., Kocich R., Cullen J.C.T., Hlaváč L.M. Effect of Thermomechanical Processing via Rotary Swaging on Properties and Residual Stress within Tungsten Heavy Alloy. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 2020;87:105120. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105120. DOI

Bartsch M., Wasilkowska A., Czyrska-Filemonowicz A., Messerschmidt U. Dislocation Dynamics in the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloy INCOLOY MA956. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 1999;272:152–162. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00471-2. DOI