Birds, especially the chick and hen, have been important biomedical research models for centuries due to the accessibility of the avian embryo and the early discovery of avian viruses. Comprehension of avian tumor virology was a milestone in basic cancer research, as was that of non-viral genesis, as it enabled the discovery of oncogenes. Furthermore, studies on avian viruses provided initial insights into Kaposi's sarcoma and EBV-induced diseases. However, the role of birds in human carcinogenesis extends beyond the realm of virology research. Utilization of CAM, the chorioallantoic membrane, an easily accessible extraembryonic tissue with rich vasculature, has enabled studies on tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastasis and the efficient screening of potential anti-cancer compounds. Also, the chick embryo alone is an effective preclinical in vivo patient-derived xenograft model, which is important for the development of personalized therapies. Furthermore, adult birds may also closely resemble human oncogenesis, as evidenced by the laying hen, which is the only animal model of a spontaneous form of ovarian cancer. Avian models may create an interesting alternative compared with mammalian models, enabling the creation of a relatively cost-effective and easy-to-maintain platform to address key questions in cancer biology.

Center of Assisted Reproduction Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital and Masaryk University 601 77 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Basic and Preclinical Science Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Toxicology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 631 Poznan Poland

Department of Veterinary Surgery Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Division of Anatomy Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Division of Histology and Embryology Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Wroclaw Medical University 50 367 Wroclaw Poland

Flyblast BV 2020 Antwerp Belgium

Human Clinical Embryology and Assisted Conception School of Medicine University of Dundee Dundee DD1 4HN UK

Physiology Graduate Faculty North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

Prestage Department of Poultry Science North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

Veterinary Clinic of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

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