The plant kingdom exhibits a diversity of nutritional strategies, extending beyond complete autotrophy. In addition to full mycoheterotrophs and holoparasites, it is now recognized that a greater number of green plants than previously assumed use partly of fungal carbon. These are termed partial mycoheterotrophs or mixotrophs. Notably, some species exhibit a dependency on fungi exclusively during early ontogenetic stages, referred to as initial mycoheterotrophy. Japonolirion osense, a rare plant thriving in serpentinite soils, emerges as a potential candidate for initial mycoheterotrophy or mixotrophy. Several factors support this hypothesis, including its diminutive sizes of shoot and and seeds, the establishment of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizal associations, its placement within the Petrosaviales-largely composed of fully mycoheterotrophic species-and its ability to face the challenging conditions of its environment. To explore these possibilities, our study adopts a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing stable isotope abundance analyses, in vitro experiments, anatomical analyses, and comparative plastome analyses. Our study aims to (1) determine whether J. osense relies on fungal carbon during germination, indicating initial mycoheterotrophy, (2) determine if it employs a dual carbon acquisition strategy as an adult, and (3) investigate potential genomic reductions in photosynthetic capabilities. Contrary to expectations, our comprehensive findings strongly indicate that J. osense maintains complete autotrophy throughout its life cycle. This underscores the contrasting nutritional strategies evolved by species within the Petrosaviales.

Department of Biology Graduate School of Science Kobe University 1 1 Rokkodai Nada ku Kobe 657 8501 Japan

Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands

Department of Experimental Plant Biology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 5 Prague 12844 Czech Republic

Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Lesní 322 Průhonice 25243 Czech Republic

Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 59 Gdansk 80 308 Poland

Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Forests Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060 0811 Japan

Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Université EPHE 57 Rue Cuvier CP39 Paris 75005 France

Institut Universitaire de France Paris France

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 Praha Dejvice 160 00 Czechia

Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 Leiden 2333 CR The Netherlands

Prague Botanical Garden Trojská 800 196 Prague 17100 Czech Republic

Erratum In

BMC Plant Biol. 2024 Nov 23;24(1):1113. doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-05838-3. PubMed

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Correction: Japonolirion osense, a close relative of the mycoheterotrophic genus Petrosavia, exhibits complete autotrophic capabilities