Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a growing burden worldwide and vaccines are effective control interventions. Vaccine formulations with tick antigens such as BM86/BM95 (BM) and Subolesin (SUB) have shown reduction in tick fitness and infestation in immunized hosts. However, antigen combination is a challenging approach to improve vaccine efficacy (E) against multiple tick species. Herein, in silico and in music algorithms were integrated to model BM-SUB protein-protein interactions to apply a quantum vaccinology approach for combining protective epitopes or immunological quantum in the chimeric antigen Q38-95. Cattle immunized with Q38-95 and infested with African blue tick Rhipicephalus decoloratus showed an 82% E similar to BM86 and higher than SUB. The immune mechanisms activated in cattle in response to vaccination with Q38-95 were mediated by anti-BM/SUB antibodies that interfered with BM-SUB interactions and through activation of other innate and adaptive immune pathways. The results support modelling protein-protein interactions affecting E to identify and combine candidate protective epitopes in chimeric antigens.

Centro de Investigación y Documentación Musical CIDoM UCLM CSIC Facultad de Educación de Ciudad Real Ciudad Real Spain

Department of Physiological Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma United States of America

Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma United States of America

General Coordination of Public Health Laboratories Health Surveillance Secretariat Ministry of Health Brasília Brazil

Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

High Performance Computing Center Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma United States of America

Immunology Center Adolfo Lutz Institute São Paulo SP Brazil

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic

Laboratorio de Inmunología y Vacunas Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Juriquilla Querétaro Mexico

National Livestock Resources Research Institute Kampala Uganda

SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos Ciudad Real Spain

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