In this work, experimentally measured characteristics of a kilohertz laser-driven Cu plasma X-ray source that was recently commissioned at the ELI Beamlines facility are reported. The source can be driven either by an in-house developed high-contrast sub-20 fs near-infrared terawatt laser based on optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification technology or by a more conventional Ti:sapphire laser delivering 12 mJ and 45 fs pulses. The X-ray source parameters obtained with the two driving lasers are compared. A measured photon flux of the order up to 1012 Kα photons s-1 (4π)-1 is reported. Furthermore, experimental platforms for ultrafast X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy based on the reported source are described.

Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London 2 Malet Place London WC1E 7JE United Kingdom

ELI Beamlines Facility Extreme Light Infrastructure Za Radnicí 835 252 41 Dolní Břežany Czechia

Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University 121 16 Prague Czechia

School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom

See more in PubMed

Abela, R., Beaud, P., van Bokhoven, J. A., Chergui, M., Feurer, T., Haase, J., Ingold, G., Johnson, S. L., Knopp, G., Lemke, H., Milne, C. J., Pedrini, B., Radi, P., Schertler, G., Standfuss, J., Staub, U. & Patthey, L. (2017). Struct. Dyn.4, 061602. PubMed PMC

Afshari, M., Krumey, P., Menn, D., Nicoul, M., Brinks, F., Tarasevitch, A. & Sokolowski-Tinten, K. (2020). Struct. Dyn.7, 014301. PubMed PMC

Altarelli, M. (2011). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 269, 2845–2849.

Ansari, A., Berendzen, J., Bowne, S. F., Frauenfelder, H., Iben, I. E., Sauke, T. B., Shyamsunder, E. & Young, R. D. (1985). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 5000–5004. PubMed PMC

Antipenkov, R., Boge, R., Erdman, E., Greco, M., Green, J. T., Grenfell, A., Horáček, M., Hubka, Z., Indra, L., Majer, K., Mazanec, T., Mazurek, P., Naylon, J., Novák, J., Šobr, V., Spaček, A., Strkula, P., Szuba, W., Tykalewicz, B., Bakule, P. & Rus, B. (2021). Proc. SPIE, 11777, 117770E.

Arnlund, D., Johansson, L. C., Wickstrand, C., Barty, A., Williams, G. J., Malmerberg, E., Davidsson, J., Milathianaki, D., DePonte, D. P., Shoeman, R. L., Wang, D., James, D., Katona, G., Westenhoff, S., White, T. A., Aquila, A., Bari, S., Berntsen, P., Bogan, M., van Driel, T. B., Doak, R. B., Kjaer, K. S., Frank, M., Fromme, R., Grotjohann, I., Henning, R., Hunter, M. S., Kirian, R. A., Kosheleva, I., Kupitz, C., Liang, M., Martin, A. V., Nielsen, M. M., Messerschmidt, M., Seibert, M. M., Sjöhamn, J., Stellato, F., Weierstall, U., Zatsepin, N. A., Spence, J. C. H., Fromme, P., Schlichting, I., Boutet, S., Groenhof, G., Chapman, H. N. & Neutze, R. (2014). Nat. Methods, 11, 923–926.

Arvai, A. (2015). The ADXV User Manual, https://www.scripps.edu/tainer/arvai/adxv/adxv_1.9.10/AdxvUserManual_v1.1.pdf.

Azamoum, Y., Clady, R., Ferré, A., Gambari, M., Utéza, O. & Sentis, M. (2018). Opt. Lett.43, 3574–3577. PubMed

Brinkmann, L. U. L. & Hub, J. S. (2016). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10565–10570. PubMed PMC

Brunel, F. (1987). Phys. Rev. Lett.59, 52–55. PubMed

Cammarata, M., Eybert, L., Ewald, F., Reichenbach, W., Wulff, M., Anfinrud, P., Schotte, F., Plech, A., Kong, Q., Lorenc, M., Lindenau, B., Räbiger, J. & Polachowski, S. (2009). Rev. Sci. Instrum.80, 015101. PubMed

Chapman, H. N., Caleman, C. & Timneanu, N. (2014). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 369, 20130313. PubMed PMC

Chaulagain, U., Lamač, M., Raclavský, M., Khakurel, K. P., Rao, K. H., Ta-Phuoc, K., Bulanov, S. V. & Nejdl, J. (2022). Photonics, 9, 853.

Chen, H., Chen, X., Liu, X., Hu, J., Bai, P., Gui, J., Yang, X., Xia, K., Wu, F., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Xu, Y. & Leng, Y. (2024). High Power Laser Sci. Eng.12, e62.

Chen, L. M., Kando, M., Ma, J., Kotaki, H., Fukuda, Y., Hayashi, Y., Daito, I., Homma, T., Ogura, K., Mori, M., Pirozhkov, A. S., Koga, J., Daido, H., Bulanov, S. V., Kimura, T., Tajima, T. & Kato, Y. (2007). Appl. Phys. Lett.90, 211501. PubMed

Chen, L. M., Wang, W. M., Kando, M., Hudson, L. T., Liu, F., Lin, X. X., Ma, J. L., Li, Y. T., Bulanov, S. V., Tajima, T., Kato, Y., Sheng, Z. M. & Zhang, J. (2010). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 619, 128–132.

Donath, T., Šišak Jung, D., Burian, M., Radicci, V., Zambon, P., Fitch, A. N., Dejoie, C., Zhang, B., Ruat, M., Hanfland, M., Kewish, C. M., van Riessen, G. A., Naumenko, D., Amenitsch, H., Bourenkov, G., Bricogne, G., Chari, A. & Schulze-Briese, C. (2023). J. Synchrotron Rad.30, 723–738. PubMed PMC

Doriese, W. B., Abbamonte, P., Alpert, B. K., Bennett, D. A., Denison, E. V., Fang, Y., Fischer, D. A., Fitzgerald, C. P., Fowler, J. W., Gard, J. D., Hays-Wehle, J. P., Hilton, G. C., Jaye, C., McChesney, J. L., Miaja-Avila, L., Morgan, K. M., Joe, Y. I., O’Neil, G. C., Reintsema, C. D., Rodolakis, F., Schmidt, D. R., Tatsuno, H., Uhlig, J., Vale, L. R., Ullom, J. N. & Swetz, D. S. (2017). Rev. Sci. Instrum.88, 053108. PubMed

Eder, D. C., Pretzler, G., Fill, E., Eidmann, K. & Saemann, A. (2000). Appl. Phys. B, 70, 211–217.

Enquist, H., Jurgilaitis, A., Jarnac, A., Bengtsson, Å. U. J., Burza, M., Curbis, F., Disch, C., Ekström, J. C., Harb, M., Isaksson, L., Kotur, M., Kroon, D., Lindau, F., Mansten, E., Nygaard, J., Persson, A. I. H., Pham, V. T., Rissi, M., Thorin, S., Tu, C.-M., Wallén, E., Wang, X., Werin, S. & Larsson, J. (2018). J. Synchrotron Rad.25, 570–579. PubMed PMC

Fanselow, R., Wach, A., Błachucki, W. & Szlachetko, J. (2022). At. Spectrosc.189, 106367.

Fardin, L., Pulnova, Y., Parkman, T., Baranová, I., Fourmaux, S., Armstrong, C., Fratini, M., Chaulagain, U., Nejdl, J., Angelov, B., Batey, D. J., Olivo, A. & Cipiccia, S. (2024). arXiv:2410.00463.

Feng, J., Engelhorn, K., Cho, B. I., Lee, H. J., Greaves, M., Weber, C. P., Falcone, R. W., Padmore, H. A. & Heimann, P. A. (2010). Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 134102.

Forslund, D. W., Kindel, J. M. & Lee, K. (1977). Phys. Rev. Lett.39, 284–288.

Freyer, B., Zamponi, F., Juvé, V., Stingl, J., Woerner, M., Elsaesser, T. & Chergui, M. (2013). J. Chem. Phys.138, 144504. PubMed

Garman, E. F. & Weik, M. (2023). Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.82, 102662. PubMed

Henke, B. L., Gullikson, E. M. & Davis, J. C. (1993). At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 54, 181–342.

Holtz, M., Hauf, C., Weisshaupt, J., Salvador, A.-A. H., Woerner, M. & Elsaesser, T. (2017). Struct. Dyn.4, 054304. PubMed PMC

Iqbal, M., Ijaz, M., Stiel, H., Noh, D. Y. & Janulewicz, K. A. (2015). Proc. SPIE, 9589, 98–103.

Ivanov, K. A., Uryupina, D. S., Volkov, R. V., Shkurinov, A. P., Ozheredov, I. A., Paskhalov, A. A., Eremin, N. V. & Savel’ev, A. B. (2011). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 653, 58–61.

Khakurel, K. P., Žoldák, G., Angelov, B. & Andreasson, J. (2024). J. Appl. Cryst.57, 1205–1211. PubMed PMC

Kieffer, J. C., Jiang, Z., Ikhlef, A., Cote, C. Y. & Peyrusse, O. (1996). J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 13, 132–137.

Kim, C. D., Pillet, S., Wu, G., Fullagar, W. K. & Coppens, P. (2002). Acta Cryst. A58, 133–137. PubMed

Klureza, M. A., Pulnova, Y., Von Stetten, D., Owen, R. L., Beddard, G. S., Pearson, A. R. & Yorke, B. A. (2024). Methods Enzymol.709, 177–206. Elsevier. PubMed

Koç, A., Hauf, C., Woerner, M., von Grafensteın, L., Ueberschaer, D., Bock, M., Griebner, U. & Elsaesser, T. (2021). Opt. Lett.46, 210–213. PubMed

Koralek, J. D., Kim, J. B., Brůža, P., Curry, C. B., Chen, Z., Bechtel, H. A., Cordones, A. A., Sperling, P., Toleikis, S., Kern, J. F., Moeller, S. P., Glenzer, S. H. & DePonte, D. P. (2018). Nat. Commun.9, 1353. PubMed PMC

Labat, M., Brubach, J.-B., Ciavardini, A., Couprie, M.-E., Elkaim, E., Fertey, P., Ferte, T., Hollander, P., Hubert, N., Jal, E., Laulhé, C., Luning, J., Marcouillé, O., Moreno, T., Morin, P., Polack, F., Prigent, P., Ravy, S., Ricaud, J.-P., Roy, P., Silly, M., Sirotti, F., Taleb, A., Tordeux, M.-A. & Nadji, A. (2018). J. Synchrotron Rad.25, 385–398. PubMed

Legall, H., Stiel, H., Arkadiev, V. & Bjeoumikhov, A. A. (2006). Opt. Express, 14, 4570–4576. PubMed

Leonarski, F., Redford, S., Mozzanica, A., Lopez-Cuenca, C., Panepucci, E., Nass, K., Ozerov, D., Vera, L., Olieric, V., Buntschu, D., Schneider, R., Tinti, G., Froejdh, E., Diederichs, K., Bunk, O., Schmitt, B. & Wang, M. (2018). Nat. Methods, 15, 799–804. PubMed

Li, M., Huang, K., Chen, L., Yan, W., Tao, M., Zhao, J., Ma, Y., Li, Y. & Zhang, J. (2017). Radiat. Phys. Chem.137, 78–82.

Li, X., Gu, L., Zong, F., Zhang, J. & Yang, Q. (2015). J. Appl. Phys.118, 083105.

Linde, D. V. D., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Blome, Ch., Dietrich, C., Tarasevitch, A., Cavalleri, A. & Squier, J. A. (2001). Z. Phys. Chem.215, 1527.

Liu, J., Wang, J., Shan, B., Wang, C. & Chang, Z. (2003). Appl. Phys. Lett.82, 3553–3555.

Lu, W., Nicoul, M., Shymanovich, U., Tarasevitch, A., Horn-von Hoegen, M., von der Linde, D. & Sokolowski-Tinten, K. (2024). Rev. Sci. Instrum.95, 013002. PubMed

Malzer, W., Schlesiger, C. & Kanngießer, B. (2021). At. Spectrosc.177, 106101.

Mattern, M., Pudell, J.-E., Laskin, G., Von Reppert, A. & Bargheer, M. (2021). Struct. Dyn.8, 024302. PubMed PMC

Meents, A., Reime, B., Kaiser, M., Wang, X.-Y., Abela, R., Weckert, E. & Schulze-Briese, C. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst.42, 901–905.

Montel, M. (1957). The X-Ray Microscope with Catamegonic Roof-Shaped Objective, In X-ray Microscopy and Microradiography, edited by V. E. Cosslett, A. Engstrom and H. H. Pattee, pp. 177–185. New York: Academic Press.

Mozzanica, A., Andrä, M., Barten, R., Bergamaschi, A., Chiriotti, S., Brückner, M., Dinapoli, R., Fröjdh, E., Greiffenberg, D., Leonarski, F., Lopez-Cuenca, C., Mezza, D., Redford, S., Ruder, C., Schmitt, B., Shi, X., Thattil, D., Tinti, G., Vetter, S. & Zhang, J. (2018). Synchrotron Radiat. News31(6), 16–20.

Murnane, M. M., Kapteyn, H. C., Rosen, M. D. & Falcone, R. W. (1991). Science, 251, 531–536. PubMed

Nass, K. (2019). Acta Cryst. D75, 211–218. PubMed PMC

Nass, K., Gorel, A., Abdullah, M. M. V., Martin, A., Kloos, M., Marinelli, A., Aquila, A., Barends, T. R. M., Decker, F.-J., Bruce Doak, R., Foucar, L., Hartmann, E., Hilpert, M., Hunter, M. S., Jurek, Z., Koglin, J. E., Kozlov, A., Lutman, A. A., Kovacs, G. N., Roome, C. M., Shoeman, R. L., Santra, R., Quiney, H. M., Ziaja, B., Boutet, S. & Schlichting, I. (2020). Nat. Commun.11, 1814. PubMed PMC

Nazarkin, A., Morak, A., Uschmann, I., Förster, E. & Sauerbrey, R. (2004). Phys. Rev. A, 69, 061803. PubMed

Németh, Z., Szlachetko, J., Bajnóczi, É. G. & Vankó, G. (2016). Rev. Sci. Instrum.87, 103105. PubMed

Picchiotti, A., Precek, M., Zymaková, A., Erichlandwehr, T., Liu, Y., Wiste, T., Kahan, P., Fernandez-Cuesta, I. & Andreasson, J. (2023). Front. Mol. Biosci.10, 1079029. PubMed PMC

Prigent, P., Hollander, P., Labat, M., Couprie, M. E., Marlats, J. L., Laulhé, C., Luning, J., Moreno, T., Morin, P., Nadji, A., Polack, F., Ravy, S., Silly, M. & Sirotti, F. (2013). J. Phys. Conf. Ser.425, 072022.

Qiang, J., Byrd, J. M., Feng, J. & Huang, G. (2009). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 598, 465–469.

Reich, C., Laperle, C. M., Li, X., Ahr, B., Benesch, F. & Rose-Petruck, C. G. (2007). Opt. Lett.32, 427–429. PubMed

Reich, Ch., Gibbon, P., Uschmann, I. & Förster, E. (2000). Phys. Rev. Lett.84, 4846–4849. PubMed

Rischel, C., Rousse, A., Uschmann, I., Albouy, P.-A., Geindre, J.-P., Audebert, P., Gauthier, J.-C., Fröster, E., Martin, J.-L. & Antonetti, A. (1997). Nature, 390, 490–492.

Rousse, A., Antonetti, A., Audebert, P., Santos, A. D., Fallies, F., Geindre, J. P., Grillon, G., Mysyrowicz, A. & Gauthier, J. C. (1994). J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys.27, L697–L701. PubMed

Rousse, A., Audebert, P., Geindre, J. P., Falliès, F., Gauthier, J. C., Mysyrowicz, A., Grillon, G. & Antonetti, A. (1994). Phys. Rev. E, 50, 2200–2207. PubMed

Rus, B., Bakule, P., Kramer, D., Korn, G., Green, J. T., Nóvak, J., Fibrich, M., Batysta, F., Thoma, J., Naylon, J., Mazanec, T., Vítek, M., Barros, R., Koutris, E., Hřebíček, J., Polan, J., Baše, R., Homer, P., Košelja, M., Havlíček, T., Honsa, A., Novák, M., Zervos, C., Korous, P., Laub, M. & Houžvička, J. (2013). Proc. SPIE, 8780, 87801T.

Schick, D., Bojahr, A., Herzog, M., von Korff Schmising, C., Shayduk, R., Leitenberger, W., Gaal, P. & Bargheer, M. (2012). Rev. Sci. Instrum.83, 025104. PubMed

Schietinger, T. (2018). Proceedings of the 9th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC2018), Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 24–28.

Schmidt, M. (2019). Int. J. Mol. Sci.20, 1401.

Shymanovich, U., Nicoul, M., Sokolowski-Tinten, K., Tarasevitch, A., Michaelsen, C. & von der Linde, D. (2008). Appl. Phys. B, 92, 493–499.

Sokaras, D., Weng, T.-C., Nordlund, D., Alonso-Mori, R., Velikov, P., Wenger, D., Garachtchenko, A., George, M., Borzenets, V., Johnson, B., Rabedeau, T. & Bergmann, U. (2013). Rev. Sci. Instrum.84, 053102. PubMed PMC

Strickland, D. & Mourou, G. (1985). Opt. Commun.55, 447–449.

Szlachetko, J., Nachtegaal, M., de Boni, E., Willimann, M., Safonova, O., Sa, J., Smolentsev, G., Szlachetko, M., van Bokhoven, J. A., Dousse, J., Hoszowska, J., Kayser, Y., Jagodzinski, P., Bergamaschi, A., Schmitt, B., David, C. & Lücke, A. (2012). Rev. Sci. Instrum.83, 103105. PubMed

Tavella, F., Schmid, K., Ishii, N., Marcinkevičius, A., Veisz, L. & Krausz, F. (2005). Appl. Phys. B, 81, 753–756.

Teubner, U., Uschmann, I., Gibbon, P., Altenbernd, D., Förster, E., Feurer, T., Theobald, W., Sauerbrey, R., Hirst, G., Key, M. H., Lister, J. & Neely, D. (1996). Phys. Rev. E, 54, 4167–4177. PubMed

Toufexis, F. & Dolgashev, V. (2019). Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC2019), Melbourne, Australia, pp. 4256–4259. THPTS064.

Weisshaupt, J., Juvé, V., Holtz, M., Ku, S., Woerner, M., Elsaesser, T., Ališauskas, S., Pugžlys, A. & Baltuška, A. (2014). Nat. Photon.8, 927–930.

Zamponi, F., Ansari, Z., Korff Schmising, C., Rothhardt, P., Zhavoronkov, N., Woerner, M., Elsaesser, T., Bargheer, M., Trobitzsch-Ryll, T. & Haschke, M. (2009). Appl. Phys. A, 96, 51–58.

Zhang, B. B., Sun, S. S., Sun, D. R. & Tao, Y. (2014). Rev. Sci. Instrum.85, 096110. PubMed

Zhao, D., You, P., Yang, J., Yu, J., Zhang, H., Liao, M. & Hu, J. (2022). Appl. Sci.12, 4723.

Zhavoronkov, N., Gritsai, Y., Bargheer, M., Woerner, M., Elsaesser, T., Zamponi, F., Uschmann, I. & Förster, E. (2005). Opt. Lett.30, 1737–1739. PubMed

Zhavoronkov, N., Gritsai, Y., Korn, G. & Elsaesser, T. (2004). Appl. Phys. B, 79, 663–667.

Zymaková, A., Khakurel, K., Picchiotti, A., Błachucki, W., Szlachetko, J., Rebarz, M., Uhlig, J. & Andreasson, J. (2020). J. Synchrotron Rad.27, 1730–1733. PubMed PMC

Zymaková, A., Precek, M., Picchiotti, A., Błachucki, W., Zymak, I., Szlachetko, J., Vankó, G., Németh, Z., Sá, J., Wiste, T. & Andreasson, J. (2023). Sci. Rep.13, 17258. PubMed PMC