The introduction of ChatGPT3 in 2023 disrupted the field of artificial intelligence (AI). ChatGPT uses large language models (LLMs) but has no access to copyrighted material including scientific articles and books. This review is limited by the lack of access to: (1) prior peer-reviewed articles and (2) proprietary information owned by the companies. Despite these limitations, the article reviews the use of LLMs in the publishing of scientific articles. The first use was plagiarism software. The second use by the American Psychological Association and Elsevier helped their journal editors to screen articles before their review. These two publishers have in common a large number of copyrighted journals and textbooks but, more importantly, a database of article abstracts. Elsevier is the largest of the five large publishing houses and the only one with a database of article abstracts developed to compete with the bibliometric experts of the Web of Science. The third use and most relevant, Scopus AI, was announced on 16 January 2024, by Elsevier; a version of ChatGPT-3.5 was trained using Elsevier copyrighted material written since 2013. Elsevier's description suggests to the authors that Scopus AI can write review articles or the introductions of original research articles with no human intervention. The editors of non-Elsevier journals not willing to approve the use of Scopus AI for writing scientific articles have a problem on their hands; they will need to trust that the authors who have submitted articles have not lied and have not used Scopus AI at all.

Department of Internal Medicine Dermatology and Psychiatry and Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia Universidad de La Laguna 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna Spain

Department of Psychiatry Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz 28040 Madrid Spain; Department of Psychiatry Autonomous University of Madrid 28029 Madrid Spain

Department of Psychiatry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA; Mental Health Research Center Eastern State Hospital Lexington KY 40511 USA

Department of Signal Theory and Communications Universidad Carlos 3 de Madrid 28911 Leganés Spain; Grupo de Tratamiento de Señal Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute 28007 Madrid Spain

Faculty of Information Technology Brno University of Technology 811 09 Brno Czechia; Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies 612 00 Bratislava Slovakia

See more in PubMed

Oquendo MA, Baca-Garcia E, Artés-Rodríguez A, Perez-Cruz F, Galfalvy HC, Blasco-Fontecilla H, et al. Machine learning and data mining: strategies for hypothesis generation. Molecular Psychiatry . 2012;17:956–959. PubMed

de Leon J, De Las Cuevas C. Will ChatGPT3 Substitute for us as Clozapine Experts? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology . 2023;43:400–402. PubMed

Chomsky N, Roberts I, Watumull J. The false promise of ChatGPT. 2023. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/opinion/noam-chomsky-chatgpt-ai.html .

Losee J. Oxford University Press; Oxford (UK): 1999. A historical introduction to the philosophy of science. 3rd edn.

Pearl J. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (UK); 2009. Causality: models, reasoning and inference. 2nd edn.

Zielinski C, Winker MA, Aggarwal R, Ferris LE, Heinemann M, Lapeña JF, et al. Chatbots, generative AI, and scholarly manuscripts: WAME recommendations on chatbots and generative artificial intelligence in relation to scholarly publications. Current Medical Research and Opinion . 2024;40:11–13. PubMed

Lewis M, Mercer E. The AI Roadmap - charting our future in healthcare communications. Current Medical Research and Opinion . 2024;40:5–7. PubMed

International Society for Medical Publication Professionals (ISMPP) position statement and call to action on artificial intelligence. Current Medical Research and Opinion . 2024;40:9–10. PubMed

Rothschild AJ. Artificial Intelligence and the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology . 2023;43:397–398. PubMed

Bellini V, Semeraro F, Montomoli J, Cascella M, Bignami E. Between human and AI: assessing the reliability of AI text detection tools. Current Medical Research and Opinion . 2024;40:353–358. PubMed

Seetharaman D, Barnum M. There’s a tool to catch students cheating with ChatGPT. Open AI hasn’t released it. Wall Street Journal. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-tool-chatgpt-cheating-writing-135b755a .

Wikipedia Large language models. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model .

Van Noorden R. ChatGPT-like AIs are coming to major science search engines. Nature . 2023;620:258. PubMed

Chiang T. ChatGPT is a blurry JPEG of the web. 2023. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web .

Elsevier About. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/about .

Elsevier Research tools. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/solutions/researcher-tools .

Elsevier Tips and tricks for managing the peer review process with editorial manager part 1. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/tips-and-tricks-for-managing-the-peer-review-process-with-editorial-manager-part-1 .

Elsevier Tips and tricks for managing the peer review process with editorial manager part 2. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/tips-and-tricks-for-managing-the-peer-review-process-with-editorial-manager-part-2 .

Elsevier Tips and tricks for managing the peer review process with editorial manager part 3. 2024. [(Accessed: 12 April 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/tips-and-tricks-for-managing-the-peer-review-process-with-editorial-manager-part-3 .

Elsevier Tips and tricks for managing the peer review process with editorial manager part 4. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/tips-and-tricks-for-managing-the-peer-review-process-with-editorial-manager-part-4 .

Elsevier Tips and tricks for managing the peer review process with editorial manager part 5. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/tips-and-tricks-for-managing-the-peer-review-process-with-editorial-manager-part-5 .

Elsevier Sales force. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://relx-elsevier-erms.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/

Elsevier The new evaluate manuscript campaign. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/announcing-the-new-evaluate-manuscript?utm_campaign=STMJ_134728_EDIT_UP&utm_medium=email&utm_acid=7827046&SIS_ID=&dgcid=STMJ_134728_EDIT_UP&CMX_ID=&utm_in=DM480105&utm_source=AC_ .

Elsevier Press releases: Launch of Scopus Scopus AI to help researchers navigate the world of research. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/launch-of-scopus-ai-to-help-researchers-navigate-the-world-of-research .

Elsevier Discover Scopus AI: your gateway to trusted research content. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://webinars.elsevier.com/elsevier/Discover-Scopus-AI-your-gateway-to-trusted-research-content?utm_bmcr_source=Email&dgcid=RN_RSS_Sourced_400006975&utm_campaign=RN_RSS_Sourced_400006975&utm_medium=email&utm_dgroup=ML_SCP_AQ_20240411_DL_100005955&utm_acid=82493315&utm_source=AC&utm_in=DM465277 .

Anil A, Saravanan A, Singh S, Shamim MA, Tiwari K, Lal H, et al. Are paid tools worth the cost? A prospective cross-over study to find the right tool for plagiarism detection. Heliyon . 2023;9:e19194. PubMed PMC

iThenticate iThenticate. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.ithenticate.com/

VandenBos GR. From print to digital (1985-2015): APA’s evolving role in psychological publishing. The American Psychologist . 2017;72:837–847. PubMed

American Psychological Association (APA) About. 2024. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.apa.org/about .

Hagve M. The money behind academic publishing. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke . 2020. p. 140. PubMed

Garfield E. Journal impact factor: a brief review. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L’Association Medicale Canadienne . 1999;161:979–980. PubMed PMC

Newport C. What kind of mind does ChatGPT have? The New Yorker. 2023. [(Accessed: 19 September 2024)]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/what-kind-of-mind-does-chatgpt-have .

Schiermeier Q, Mega ER. Scientists in Germany, Peru and Taiwan to lose access to Elsevier journals. Nature . 2016;541:13. PubMed