Demand-side management (DSM) enhances distribution network efficiency by shifting or reducing loads, alleviating network stress. The Load Shifting Policy (LSP) reallocates flexible loads to low-price periods without altering total demand, while the Load Curtailing Policy (LCP) incentivizes consumers to reduce peak demand. This study introduces a hybrid DSM approach that combines LSP and LCP with a smart charging strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Using the hybrid load shifting and curtailment policy (HLSCP), the microgrid (MG) load profile was optimized, reducing generation costs from 707¥ for the base load to 682¥ with HLSCP and 676¥ when incorporating smart PHEV charging. Emissions decreased correspondingly, from 1267kg to 1246kg. These results demonstrate the hybrid DSM's capacity to tackle economic and environmental challenges in power systems. The Differential Evolution (DE) optimization method further validated the robustness and efficiency of this cost-effective, sustainable microgrid management approach.

College of Engineering University of Business and Technology Jeddah 21448 Saudi Arabia

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering GIET University Gunupur Odisha India

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research Vadlamudi Guntur 522213 India

Department of Electrical Engineering Graphic Era Dehradun 248002 India

Department of Electrical Engineering Manipal University Jaipur Rajasthan India

Department of Electrical Engineering School of Physics and Electronic Engineering Hanjiang Normal University Shiyan China

ENET Centre CEET VSB Technical University of Ostrava 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan

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