Ecological interactions are fundamental to understanding species' trophic relationships and the evolution of ecosystem functions. However, the fossil record seldom captures these intricate dynamics, as most fossils preserve individual organisms rather than the interactions that shaped ancient ecosystems. Here, we describe a new genus of bark-gnawing beetles (Trogossitidae), Rutrizoma gen. nov., from mid-Cretaceous amber in northern Myanmar. This fossil genus reveals a rare combination of predatory and antipredatory adaptations, shedding light on the ecological complexity of Mesozoic forest ecosystems. Rutrizoma has specialized morphological features, such as shortened elytra and unidentate mandibles, suggesting an active predatory lifestyle in narrow wood galleries. Interestingly, some morphological traits of Rutrizoma mirror those of its potential prey, particularly bostrichid beetles, from the same amber deposit. One such trait is its specialized abdominal declivity, which probably functioned as a protective shield against predators and competitors, representing marked convergence with the elytral declivity of other subcortical beetles, such as bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae and Platypodinae) and Bostrichidae. The presence of phoretic mites associated with Rutrizoma, along with co-preserved bostrichid prey, underscores the complex community dynamics beneath Cretaceous tree bark. This finding reveals a subcortical ecosystem that parallels modern ecological interactions.

Bristol Palaeobiology Group School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TQ UK

Department of Entomology Moravian Museum 627 00 Brno Czech Republic

Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History New York NY 10024 USA

Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Institute of Zoology Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China

New Zealand Arthropod Collection Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Auckland 1072 New Zealand

School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland 1072 New Zealand

State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 People's Republic of China

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Specialized bark-gnawing beetles reveal phragmotic defence and subcortical ecology in the Cretaceous