Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly advancing fields within computer science, driving significant progress in cancer diagnostics. Various ML models have been developed to assist diagnosis, guide therapy decisions, and facilitate early disease detection. In this review, we discuss diverse AI and ML approaches and critically evaluate their applications and limitations in pancreatic cancer histopathology, diagnostics, and biomarker discovery.

Center for Precision Medicine University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biostatistics St Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 3 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Pathology University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

Surgery Clinic University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic

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