Over the past century, continuous advancements in electron microscopy have enabled the synthesis, control, and characterization of high-quality free-electron beams. These probes carry an evanescent electromagnetic field that can drive localized excitations and provide high-resolution information on material structures and their optical responses, currently reaching the sub-Å and few-meV regime. Moreover, combining free electrons with pulsed light sources in ultrafast electron microscopy adds temporal resolution in the subfemtosecond range while offering enhanced control of the electron wave function. Beyond their exceptional capabilities for time-resolved spectromicroscopy, free electrons are emerging as powerful tools in quantum nanophotonics, on par with photons in their ability to carry and transfer quantum information, create entanglement within and with a specimen, and reveal previously inaccessible details on nanoscale quantum phenomena. This Roadmap outlines the current state of this rapidly evolving field, highlights key challenges and opportunities, and discusses future directions through a collection of topical sections prepared by leading experts.

Center for Nanophotonics NWO Institute AMOLF 1098 XG Amsterdam The Netherlands

Central European Institute of Technology and Institute of Physical Engineering Brno University of Technology Brno 61200 Czech Republic

Centre d'Élaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales University of Toulouse and CNRS 31055 Toulouse France

Delmic B 5 Oostsingel 209 2612 HL Delft The Netherlands

Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Institute of Science Tokyo 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku Yokohama 226 8501 Japan

Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7 3 1 Hongo Bunkyo ku Tokyo 113 8656 Japan

Department of Physics The University of Texas at Austin 2515 Speedway C1600 Austin 78712 Texas United States

Department of Ultrafast Dynamics Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences 37077 Göttingen Germany

Electron Microscopy for Materials Science and Nanolight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel

Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Ke Karlovu 3 Prague 12116 Czech Republic

fourth Physical InstituteSolids and Nanostructures University of Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Germany

ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology 08860 Castelldefels Barcelona Spain

ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain

Institute of Applied Physics Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel

Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Kiel University 24098 Kiel Germany

Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland

Kiel Nano Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS Kiel University 24118 Kiel Germany

Laboratory of Ultrafast Microscopy for Nanoscale Dynamics Department of Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 Milano 20126 Italy

Physics Department Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg D 91058 Erlangen Germany

Physics Department Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Geschwister Scholl Platz 1 80539 Munich Germany

RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2 1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351 0198 Japan

School of Electrical Engineering The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel

Takasaki Institute for Advanced Quantum Science National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 1233 Watanuki machi Takasaki Gunma 370 1292 Japan

Thermo Fisher Scientific Achtseweg Noord 5 5651 GG Eindhoven The Netherlands

Universität Konstanz Fachbereich Physik Universitätsstraße 10 78464 Konstanz Germany

Université Paris Saclay CNRS Laboratoire de Physique des Solides 91405 Orsay France

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