Turions (overwintering buds) as modified shoot apices constitute specialized vegetative structures that enable many aquatic vascular plants to withstand adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature, desiccation, or limited light availability. Turions serve as major storage sites for organic reserves, including sugars, proteins, fatty acids, and polyamines. Owing to their high content of energy-rich and nutritionally valuable compounds, turions represent a potential renewable resource for applications in biofuel production, animal feed, and the food industry. We investigated whether arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) occur in aquatic plant turions and localized these compounds within specific tissues or cell types. This work was designed to evaluate whether stress-resistant storage organs may constitute a practical reservoir of AGPs. Considering the central role of AGPs in plant responses to abiotic stress, we hypothesized that turions, which routinely encounter cold, anoxia, and intermittent dehydration, would exhibit particularly high AGP accumulation. Mature turions of aquatic species (Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Utricularia australis, U. intermedia, and Caldesia parnassifolia) were used. Immunofluorescent labeling with AGP-specific antibodies (JIM8, JIM13, JIM14, LM2, MAC207) and confocal laser scanning microscopy were employed. In Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Caldesia parnassifolia, AGP epitopes were abundantly presented in cytoplasmic compartments. AGP epitopes occurred in secretory structures in turions of all examined species (trichomes of Aldrovanda and Utricularia, secretory ducts of Caldesia). In analyzing turions of four different species, we identified Aldrovanda vesiculosa turions as the most promising potential source of AGPs, also noting their high reserve potential for use in animal feed or the food industry.

Bioimaging Laboratory Faculty of Biology University of Gdańsk 59 Wita Stwosza St 80 308 Gdańsk Poland

Department of Botany Physiology and Plant Protection Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture University of Agriculture in Kraków 29 Listopada 54 Ave 31 425 Kraków Poland

Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology Institute of Botany Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University 9 Gronostajowa St 30 387 Kraków Poland

Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology Medical University of Lublin 16 Staszica St 20 081 Lublin Poland

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelská 135 CZ 379 01 Třeboň Czech Republic

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