Avoidance behavior can be a useful parameter for assessing the ability of organisms to escape from pollutants in their environment. For soil evaluation, a variety of invertebrates is used including the oribatid mite Oppia nitens. Here, we tested the avoidance behavior of O. nitens using a two-chamber test and an escape test with exposures to different cadmium concentrations of up to 800 mg kg-1 dry LUFA 2.2 soil for 2, 4, and 6 days, and up to 7 weeks. With the two-chamber method, the oribatid mites had the choice between clean and polluted soils, whereas they were allowed to escape from a box with polluted soil to clean containers without soil with the escape method. Avoidance of cadmium was observed after 2 days in both tests and the net response of the mites in the two-chamber test increased with increasing cadmium exposure concentrations. Mite responses varied through time, especially with the escape method; with the avoidance behavior becoming more variable and overall non-significant with longer test durations. This is the first study investigating the escape test simultaneously with long-term avoidance of cadmium by O. nitens. This mite species is a promising species for avoidance testing in soil ecotoxicology, but more experiments are needed to evaluate the factors that influence its responses in laboratory tests and the consequences for its distribution in contaminated ecosystems.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- půda MeSH
- roztoči fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and H+) on cadmium toxicity to the springtail Folsomia candida. Survival of the animals was determined after seven days exposure to different cadmium concentrations in an inert sand-solution medium, in different experimental setups with modification of the cation concentrations. Among the cations tested, Ca2+ and Mg2+ had protective effects on the toxicity of cadmium to the springtails while Na+, K+, and H+ showed less competition with free cadmium ions for binding to the uptake sites of the collembolans. Toxicity predicted with a biotic ligand model agreed well with the observed values. Calculated conditional binding constants and the fraction of biotic ligands occupied by cadmium to show 50% effects were similar to values reported in the literature. The results emphasize the important role of solution chemistry in determining metal toxicity to soil invertebrates.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- členovci účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- kadmium toxicita MeSH
- kationty farmakokinetika MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu toxicita MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The bioavailability of metals can be influenced not only by soil properties but also by other species living at polluted sites. However, in laboratory experiments, usually only one test species is used to estimate bioavailability. In this study, a two-species approach was applied to assess the impact of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus on the bioavailability of cadmium and lead to the springtail Folsomia candida using natural soils from a gradient of metal pollution. Earthworms were kept in half of the soil replicates for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the uptake and elimination kinetics of cadmium and lead in F. candida exposed for 21 days to the soils was determined. Earthworm activity affected soil properties but did not significantly affect metal uptake rate constants in springtails. The slightly higher uptake due to the presence of earthworms, which was consistent in all tested soils and for both metals, suggests that further research is needed on the role of species interactions in affecting metal bioavailability in soil.
- MeSH
- ampicilin analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- členovci chemie účinky léků MeSH
- kadmium chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- olovo chemie farmakologie MeSH
- půda MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
