Motorické čili pohybové schopnosti a dovednosti jsou součástí a hlavním předpokladem pohybu. Motorický vývoj dítěte je odrazem zrání centrální nervové soustavy a interakce mezi vyvíjejícím se organizmem, prostředím a motivací (bio-psycho-sociální vývoj). Jakékoli motorické postižení může mít negativní dopad na fungování jedince v rámci běžných denních aktivit, na jeho kognitivní výkon a na jeho zařazení do společnosti. Při vyšetřování motorických obtíží u dětí je nutné stanovit, kterou odchylku je třeba aktivně léčit a korigovat a kterou je možno považovat za takzvanou vývojovou variantu, jež mizí s věkem nezávisle na terapii. Vzhledem k neustálému a dynamickému rozvoji dětských pacientů nelze u všech věkových kategorií v rámci jejich vyšetření využívat stejné vyšetřovací postupy jako u dospělých. Výběr vhodného evaluačního nástroje pro hodnocení úrovně motoriky a případných motorických obtíží představuje rozsáhlou problematiku. Účelem tohoto článku je poskytnout stručný přehled a popis nejčastěji používaných motorických testů určených především pro děti mladšího školního věku. Díky objektivnímu testování hrubé motoriky je možné posoudit, které dítě je třeba indikovat k další odborné intervenci a kterému poskytnout pouze doporučení ohledně pohybového chování.
Motor skills are part of and a prerequisite of all movements. The development of a child reflects maturation of the central nervous system and the interaction between the maturing organism, environment and a task (bio-psycho-social development). Any motor impairment may have a negative impact on an individual‘s function within activities of daily living, on his or her cognitive behaviour and inclusion in the society. When testing motor skills in children, it must be determined which deviation needs to be actively treated and corrected and which can be classified as a developmental variation that disappears with age independently of therapy. Since a child‘s development is continuous and dynamic, paediatric testing methods must be different than those used in adults. Various assessment tools used to determine the level of motor skills and to identify abnormalities are available. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview and description of the most used motor tests in children of a younger school age. The described assessment tools allow one to decide which child requires therapy and which one only needs specific recommendations or monitoring.
INTRODUCTION: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) ranks among paediatrics' most common oncological malignancies. Monitoring motor performance levels associated with self-sufficiency in the everyday activities of ALL patients is extremely important during treatment. The motor development of children and adolescents with ALL is most often assessed using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) complete form (CF) with 53 items or the short form (SF) with 14 items. However, there is no evidence in research that BOT-2 CF and SF give comparable results in the population of patients with ALL. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the compatibility of motor proficiency levels achieved from BOT-2 SF and BOT-2 CF in ALL survivors. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The research sample consists of n = 37 participants (18 girls, 19 boys) aged 4-21 years (10.26, ± SD 3.9) after treatment for ALL. All participants passed BOT-2 CF and were at least 6 months and a maximum of 6 years from the last dose of vincristine (VCR). We used ANOVA with repeated measures, considering the sex, intra-class correlation (ICC) for uniformity between BOT-2 SF and BOT-2 CF scores and Receiving Operating Characteristic. RESULTS: BOT-2 SF and BOT-2 CF assess the same underlying construct, and BOT-2 SF and CF standard scores have good uniformity: ICC = 0.78 for boys and ICC = 0.76 for girls. However, results from ANOVA showed that the participants achieved a significantly lower standard score in SF (45.1 ± 7.9) compared to CF (49.1 ± 9.4) (p < 0.001; Hays ω2 = 0.41). ALL patients performed the worst in Strength and Agility. According to the ROC analysis, BOT-2 SF obtains acceptable sensitivity (72.3%) and high specificity (91.9%) with high accuracy of 86.1%, and the fair value of the Area Under the Curve (AUC) = 0.734 CI95% (0.47-0.88) in comparison to BOT-2 CF. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the burden on ALL patients and their families, we recommend using BOT-2 SF instead of BOT-2 CF as a useful screening tool. BOT-SF can replicate motor proficiency with as high probability as BOT-2 CF but systematically underestimates motor proficiency.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The At-Hook Motif Nuclear Localized Protein (AHL) gene family encodes embryophyte-specific nuclear proteins with DNA binding activity. They modulate gene expression and affect various developmental processes in plants. We identify AHL18 (At3G60870) as a developmental modulator of root system architecture and growth. AHL18 is involved in regulation of the length of the proliferation domain and number of dividing cells in the root apical meristem and thereby, cell production. Both primary root growth and lateral root development respond according to AHL18 transcription level. The ahl18 knock-out plants show reduced root systems due to a shorter primary root and a lower number of lateral roots. This change results from a higher number of arrested and non-developing lateral root primordia (LRP) rather than from a decreased LRP initiation. The over-expression of AHL18 results in a more extensive root system, longer primary roots, and increased density of lateral root initiation events. AHL18 is thus involved in the formation of lateral roots at both LRP initiation and their later development. We conclude that AHL18 participates in modulation of root system architecture through regulation of root apical meristem activity, lateral root initiation and emergence; these correspond well with expression pattern of AHL18.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- AT-hook motivy MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
