INTRODUCTION: This review focuses exclusively on field-based critical speed (CS) tests for runners, aiming to evaluate key testing conditions to optimize field-based assessments and their practical applications. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases in July 2024 using terms like "critical power," "critical speed," "testing," and "field condition" along with related keywords. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies were systematically identified, screened, assessed for eligibility, and evaluated for the validity, reliability, and applicability of field-based methods for determining CS in runners. RESULTS: From an initial pool of 450 studies, 19 met the inclusion criteria. The time trial (TT) test and the 3-minute all-out test (3MT) emerged as the most frequently used field-based methods, demonstrating high reliability when conducted under specific conditions. CONCLUSION: This review demonstrates that while field-based CS testing is a practical alternative to lab-based assessments, obtaining reliable results relies on following recommended testing settings, particularly for TT tests. By outlining the practical applications and conditions necessary for accurate CS assessment, this review supports athletes and coaches in applying CS testing effectively to enhance training strategies and performance.
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- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
INTRODUCTION: The review aims to summarize the markers used in diagnosing relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) and compare them with the REDs CAT2 score. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases during April 2023. The descriptors used were "athlete" AND "REDs," along with respective entry terms. The selection process followed the PRISMA 2020 recommendations, identifying 593 records, from which 13 studies were ultimately selected. Seventy-nine markers were identified and categorized into six groups: bone mineral density (BMD), metabolic resting rate, blood biomarkers, anthropometrics, nutritional intake, and performance parameters. The most frequently utilized biomarkers included BMD, anthropometric parameters (e.g., body mass index, body mass, and fat mass), and the triiodothyronine (T3) concentration. RESULTS: According to the REDs CAT2 pointed indicators, the biomarkers varied among the studies, while 7 out of the 13 included studies achieved a ≥60% agreement rate with this tool. The prevalence of low energy availability, an etiological factor in the development of REDs, was detected in 4 out of 13 studies, with an average of 39.5%. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this review highlights the most commonly used markers in diagnosing REDs, such as BMD, anthropometric parameters, and T3 hormone concentration. Due to the current inconsistencies, standardizing diagnostic methodologies is crucial for future research. By focusing on widely used markers, this review aids future research planning and result interpretation and points out the ongoing need for methodological consistency in evolving diagnostic tools. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/, PROSPERO (CRD42022320007).
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
Objectives: Cardiorespiratory fitness demands are placed on students of all military schools. The bachelors study programmes usually include subjects which requires the high level of physical fitness. The study aims to give a comprehensive account of the level of physical fitness of selected military school. Design: Comparing of results of the physical activity tests were used in this study. Methods: The sample consisted of bachelor ́s students of University of Defence between the academic year 2008/2009 and 2015/2016. The total number of participated students in our study depends of academic year and number of tested students (men from 102 to 111; women from 76 to 84). A male group (mean ± SD: 19.91 ± 0.29 years, 182.8 ± 7.2 cm, 82.9 ± 10.9 kg) performed all physical activity tests (12 min running, push-ups, sit-ups, pull-up on the crossbar, running the 100 m and throwing a hand grenade). A women group (mean ± SD: 19.36 ± 1.23 years, 171.8 ± 7.2 cm, 66.9 ± 8.7 kg) performed physical activity tests (12 min running, sit-ups, running the 100 m and throwing a hand grenade). Results: It has been found that study programme which includes physical activity subjects (>7 hours per week) is highly effective because we did not observe statistical significance decrease of values in selected physical tests. Conclusions: Summing up the results, it can be concluded good physical readiness and preparation for military duty in students of University of Defence in Czech Republic.
Primární reflexy nám pomáhají přežít již intrauterinně, při porodu nebo v prvních měsících po porodu. Po dostatečném stimulu by se měly inhibovat, ale pokud tento podnět nedostanou nebo se centrální nervová soustava vyvíjí nestandardně, mohou tyto primární reflexy přetrvat, negativně ovlivňovat vývoj dítěte a způsobovat podobné příznaky jako mají specifické poruchy učení. Cílem výzkumného šetření bylo zjistit prevalenci primárních reflexů u dětí ve věku 7-8 let, dále stanovit, jak se změní množství primárních reflexů po 6 měsících bez intervenčního programu a jaké jsou rozdíly mezi chlapci a dívkami. U dětí bylo provedeno 7 testů na 6 primárních reflexů, které je mohou během školní výuky ovlivňovat. U každého primárního reflexu se hodnotila i úroveň (0 – nejméně; 4 – nejvíce). Ukázalo se, že chlapci mají větší procento zastoupení primárních reflexů než dívky a často dosahovali vyšší úrovně. Při opakovaném měření po 6 měsících byl u dívek zaznamenán statisticky významný rozdíl v poklesu úrovně landau reflexu (p = 0,028). U chlapců byl statisticky významný rozdíl ve snížení úrovně reflexu u labyrintového posturálního reflexu (p = 0,028), landau reflexu (p = 0,028), asymetrického tonického šíjového reflexu – test na čtyřech (p = 0,028) a Schilderova testu (p = 0,005). Tyto výsledky by mohly být použity jako podklad při tvorbě vzdělávacího plánu a osnov pro tělesnou výchovu na základních školách.
Primary reflexes help us to survive intrauterine, during childbirth or in the first months afterchildbirth. After sufficient stimulus, they should be inhibited, but if this stimulus is not received orthe central nervous system develops abnormally, these primary reflexes may persist, adversely affectthe child's development and cause symptoms similar to those of specific learning disabilities. The aimof this article is to determine the prevalence of primary reflexes in children aged 7-8 years, to findout how the amount of primary reflexes will change after 6 months without a special intervention andwhat are the differences between boys and girls. In children, 7 tests were performed on 6 primaryreflexes, which can affect them during school teaching. The level (0 - indicative of no evidence ofprimary reflex; 4 – the highest level of persistent primary reflex) was also evaluated for each primaryreflex. Boys have been shown to have a higher percentage of primary reflexes than girls and have oftenreached higher levels. When measured repeatedly after 6 months, there was a statistically significantdecrease in landau reflex in girls group (p = 0.028). In boys group there was a statistical decreasein reflex for the labyrinth postural reflex (p = 0.028), the landau reflex (p = 0.028), the asymmetrictonic neck reflex – a test on all four (p = 0.028) and the Schilder test (p = 0.005). These results couldbe used as a basis for creating an educational plan and curriculum for physical education in primaryschools.
