This study aimed to reveal whether green lizards (Lacerta viridis), common hosts of tick larvae and nymphs, might be involved in the transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Czech Republic. Green lizards were sampled in two areas at the Tiché Údolí Nature Reserve (site A: 50.1482 N, 14.3669E; site B: 50.1476 N, 14.3745 E), Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic. The skin biopsy specimens and attached ticks (if any) were collected from 52 captured lizards. Also, questing ticks from both areas were collected by flagging. The touchdown polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis revealed Borrelia lusitaniae in three lizard tissue samples. Most lizards (19/30, 63%) had at least one Borrelia positive tick. Borrelia lusitaniae formed 92% (34/37) and 59% (17/29) of all borreliae detected in larvae and nymphs, respectively. Borrelia lusitaniae (6/10, 60%) was also the major pathogen in questing nymphs from site B. At site A, 13% (2/16) of questing nymphs were positive for B. lusitaniae. Based on our data, it can be assumed that B. lusitaniae is a common pathogen at lizard sites in the Czech Republic, and further research to prove this hypothesis is therefore highly recommended. As lizards often inhabit urban areas, the data presented may also contribute to raising awareness of the possible spread and risk of Borrelia infection.
- MeSH
- Borrelia burgdorferi komplex * genetika MeSH
- DNA MeSH
- ještěři * MeSH
- klíště * genetika MeSH
- lymeská nemoc * MeSH
- nymfa MeSH
- Spirochaetales MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Acetyl-CoA:α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyltransferase) is a lysosomal membrane enzyme that catalyzes a key step in the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate. Its deficiency causes Sanfilippo syndrome type IIIC (Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC, MPS IIIC). Here we characterize the promoter region of HGSNAT, the gene encoding N-acetyltransferase, which is located in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 8. We show that HGSNAT transcription is driven by a TATA-less promoter whose key elements are contained within the 1054bp region upstream of exon 1. About 400 bases of the region's 3'-prime end overlap with an unmethylated CpG island. Reduced reporter activities from promoter serial deletion constructs suggested strong regulatory elements at positions -101 to -20bp and -1073 to -716bp of the downstream initiation codon (DS-ATG). Targeted mutagenesis of the first Specificity protein 1-A (Sp1-A) of the six in silico-predicted Sp1 sites in the region flanking the major transcription start sites (TSSs, +50/-101) led to a 55% decrease of reporter activity, while inactivation of each of Sp1-B and Sp1-C resulted in its almost two-fold increase. The binding of Sp1 to the region was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Overall, this confirms that Sp1 is important for regulation of the HGSNAT promoter. Promoter fragments in antisense orientation (constructs pGL4 -20/-1305 and pGL4 +50/-1305) led to reporter activities of about 50% of the pGL4 -1305/-20 activity, implying divergent initiation of transcription at the promoter. We identified two main TSSs at positions +1 and -15 from DS-ATG using Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'RACE). Transcripts initiating at the TSSs thus contain only DS-ATG. Five patients from our MPS IIIC cohort (n=23) carried the rs4523300 promoter variant and one the rs149596192 promoter variant. Both variants lowered the expression of the reporter down to 68% and 59%, respectively. However, white blood cell (WBC) N-acetyltransferase activities in individuals carrying the variants did not significantly differ from homozygotes for the wild-type alleles, suggesting only a partial impact of transcriptional regulation on N-acetyltransferase activities in vivo.
- MeSH
- acetyltransferasy genetika MeSH
- buňky Hep G2 MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mukopolysacharidóza III genetika MeSH
- počátek transkripce * MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- TATA box * MeSH
- transkripční faktor Sp1 metabolismus MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Výbor z díla / C.G. Jung ; sv. 7
Vyd. 1. 336 s. : il. ; 22 cm
Prostřednictvím konkrétních příkladů sexuální symboliky (např. Bible, Rostandův Cyrano z Bergeracu, případy z psychoterapeutické praxe) odhaluje fungování lidské duše - psýché není nic nezměnitelně daného, nýbrž je produktem svých pokračujících dějin. Strůjci neurotických konfliktů tak nejsou jen změněné produkty žláz nebo lidské vztahy, ale i postoje podmíněné dějinami ducha. K pochopení duševních procesů nestačí přírodovědně-lékařské či psychiatrické, tudíž veškeré racionální poznatky, neboť racionalizace nepředstavuje dostatečný nástroj. Ve všech duševních procesech totiž rozhodující roli hrají iracionální faktory... Průkopník psychoanalýzy odhaluje prostřednictvím rozboru konkrétních historických příkladů význam iracionality pro aktivitu lidské duše.
- Konspekt
- Zvláštní duševní stavy a procesy. Hlubinná psychologie
- NLK Obory
- psychologie, klinická psychologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- studie
- výbory
