The Echinostomatoidea is a large, cosmopolitan group of digeneans currently including nine families and 105 genera, the vast majority parasitic, as adults, in birds with relatively few taxa parasitising mammals, reptiles and, exceptionally, fish. Despite the complex structure, diverse content and substantial species richness of the group, almost no attempt has been made to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships at the suprageneric level based on molecules due to the lack of data. Herein, we evaluate the consistency of the present morphology-based classification system of the Echinostomatoidea with the phylogenetic relationships of its members based on partial sequences of the nuclear lsrRNA gene for a broad diversity of taxa (80 species, representing eight families and 40 genera), including representatives of five subfamilies of the Echinostomatidae, which currently exhibits the most complex taxonomic structure within the superfamily. This first comprehensive phylogeny for the Echinostomatoidea challenged the current systematic framework based on comparative morphology. A morphology-based evaluation of this new molecular framework resulted in a number of systematic and nomenclatural changes consistent with the phylogenetic estimates of the generic and suprageneric boundaries and a new phylogeny-based classification of the Echinostomatoidea. In the current systematic treatment: (i) the rank of two family level lineages, the former Himasthlinae and Echinochasminae, is elevated to full family status; (ii) Caballerotrema is distinguished at the family level; (iii) the content and diagnosis of the Echinostomatidae (sensu stricto) (s. str.) are revised to reflect its phylogeny, resulting in the abolition of the Nephrostominae and Chaunocephalinae as synonyms of the Echinostomatidae (s. str.); (iv) Artyfechinostomum, Cathaemasia, Rhopalias and Ribeiroia are re-allocated within the Echinostomatidae (s. str.), resulting in the abolition of the Cathaemasiidae, Rhopaliidae and Ribeiroiinae, which become synonyms of the Echinostomatidae (s. str.); and (v) refinements of the generic boundaries within the Echinostomatidae (s. str.), Psilostomidae and Fasciolidae are made.

• MeSH
• Echinostomatidae klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• obratlovci klasifikace   parazitologie   MeSH
• plazi MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Until now, four species of eye trematodes have been found in South America. Of them, Philophthalmus lucipetus (synonymized with Philophthalmus gralli) displays a broad host spectrum, with at least 30 bird species (prevalently large water birds), five mammal species and humans serving as definitive hosts, and with snails Fagotia (Microcolpia) acicularis, Amphimelania holandri, Melanopsis praemorsa and Melanoides tuberculata serving as intermediate hosts. When examining a total of 50 birds of ten species in the wetland of Pantanos de Villa, Lima, Peru in July 2011, eye trematodes were identified visually in the edematous conjunctival sac of 11 (48%) out of 23 resident many-colored rush tyrants Tachuris rubrigastra. Based on morphometric characteristics, the trematodes were identified as P. lucipetus. ITS2 and CO1 gene of the examined specimens combined showed a 99% similarity to an Iranian isolate of Philophthalmus sp. from the intermediate host Melanoides tuberculata, an invasive freshwater snail, suggesting that these two isolates represent the same species with a wide geographical range. Moreover, the prevalence of infection with the philophthalmid cercariae was 31% in 744 Melanoides tuberculata examined in Pantanos de Villa in 2010. It is evident that P. lucipetus occurs throughout the world as well as locally, including Eurasia and South America. Here we report this trematode for the first time in Peru, and we were the first to sequence any of the South American eye trematodes. Low host specificity of P. lucipetus and the invasive character of Melanoides tuberculata as a competent intermediate host suggest that eye trematodosis caused by P. lucipetus may emerge frequently in various parts of the world, especially in the tropics. Increase of the zoonotic potential of the P. lucipetus associated with this invasive snail spreading across the world is predictable and should be of interest for further research.

• MeSH
• Echinostomatidae klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hlemýždi parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda veterinární   MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci ptáků parazitologie   MeSH
• oční infekce parazitární veterinární   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Peru MeSH

The small planorbid snail Gyraulus cf. laevis (Alder) from Lake Mývatn in Iceland was found to emit large-tailed cercariae with 19 collar spines, and three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. were infected with metacercariae of a species of Petasiger Dietz, 1909. Comparative sequence analysis using ND1 mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed that the rediae and cercariae are conspecific with P. islandicus Kostadinova & Skirnisson, 2007, recently described from an isolated population of the horned grebe Podiceps auritus (L.) at the lake. The redia, cercaria and metacercaria are described and compared with related forms.

• MeSH
• Acanthaceae parazitologie   MeSH
• DNA helmintů chemie   genetika   MeSH
• Echinostomatidae anatomie a histologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Smegmamorpha parazitologie   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Island MeSH