PURPOSE: To assess the intraday repeatability of macular architecture measurements in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to evaluate the independence from intraindividual intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations. METHODS: In this single-center, time-point comparison study, 88 eyes with glaucoma, 53 eyes with ocular hypertension (OHT), and 253 healthy eyes underwent two standardized SD-OCT and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements on the same day with a 5-h time gap. Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and random-effects model were used to analyze repeatability of entire retinal thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer measurements. RESULTS: Intraday measurements were highly reproducible in all 3 groups. ICC were greater than 0.90, respectively. The pairwise comparisons of morphometric parameters showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001, respectively) between groups (glaucoma vs. control, glaucoma vs. OHT) and a significant influence of time points. No correlation was found between IOP fluctuations and morphometric parameters (P > 0.05, respectively), except for a weak positive correlation with GCL (rho = 0.109, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of macular morphometric parameters of SD-OCT showed a high intraday repeatability and an excellent degree of agreement in glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and healthy groups. The fixed effects of time points were statistically significant. Except for a weak positive correlation of ganglion cell layer, variability did not appear to be affected by intraday IOP changes. Additional research is required to fully understand the impact of IOP fluctuations on macular morphometric parameters, considering the small observed IOP changes.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Glaucoma * diagnosis   physiopathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Macula Lutea * pathology   diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Nerve Fibers * pathology   MeSH
• Intraocular Pressure * physiology   MeSH
• Ocular Hypertension diagnosis   physiopathology   MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence * methods   MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results MeSH
• Retinal Ganglion Cells * pathology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Tonometry, Ocular MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

Cíl: Cílem práce bylo zjistit hranice vzdálené nasální části zorného pole u pacientů s fyziologickým očním nálezem. Materiál a metody: Vyšetření zorného pole bylo provedeno u 15 zdravých osob (30 očí). U devíti žen ve věku 20–43 let a šesti mužů ve věku 22–35 let. U všech očí byl zjištěn fyziologický oční nález a zraková ostrost 1,0 s korekcí menší nebo rovnou 3 dioptrie. Zorné pole bylo vyšetřeno přístrojem Medmont M700 posunutím fixačního bodu o 40 stupňů temporálně a současného stočení hlavy nasálně, programem prostorové přizpůsobivosti. Celkem bylo zahrnuto 89 vyšetřovaných bodů pomocí flicker podnětů. Výsledky: Vzdálená nasální hranice zorného pole dosáhla u 13,3 % očí 100°, u 20 % očí 105° a u 66,7 % očí až 110°. Závěr: Hranice vzdálené nasální části zorného pole dosahovala 100–110 stupňů (při eliminaci stínění kořenem nosu).

Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the limits of the far nasal part of the visual field. Material and Methods: Visual field examination was performed in 15 healthy subjects (30 eyes), specifically nine women aged 20–43 years and six men aged 22–35 years. All eyes were found to have physiological ocular findings and visual acuity of 1.0 with correction less than or equal to 3 diopters. The visual field was examined with a Medmont M700 instrument by shifting the fixation point 40 degrees temporally and simultaneously turning the head nasally, with a spatial accommodation program. A total of 89 examination points were included using flicker stimuli. Results: The far nasal limit of the visual field reached 100° in 13.3% of eyes, 105° in 20% of eyes and up to 110° in 66.7% of eyes. Conclusion: The limit of the far nasal part of the field of vision reached 100–110 degrees (when nose shielding was eliminated).

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Visual Field Tests methods   MeSH
• Visual Acuity MeSH
• Visual Fields * physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH

SIGNIFICANCE: Both foveal and peripheral contour interactions are based on, as yet, unexplained neural mechanisms. Our results show that, unlike foveal contour interaction, peripheral contour interaction cannot be explained on the basis of the antagonistic structure of neural receptive fields. PURPOSE: Foveal contour interaction is markedly reduced for mesopic compared with photopic targets. This finding is consistent with an explanation based on the antagonistic structure of neural receptive fields. However, no reduction was found for low-luminance targets in the periphery, possibly because the luminances used previously remained substantially above peripheral scotopic detection thresholds. In this study, we compared foveal and peripheral contour interactions for long-wavelength photopic and mesopic targets, which would be expected to significantly elevate the peripheral retinal detection threshold. METHODS: Five normal observers viewed a randomly selected Sloan letter surrounded by four flanking bars at several edge-to-edge separations (min arc). Photopic and mesopic stimuli were viewed foveally and at 6° peripherally through a selective red filter that ensured that mesopic targets were within 1 log unit of detection threshold at both retinal locations. RESULTS: Whereas the magnitude of foveal contour interaction was substantially less at mesopic compared with photopic luminance (20 vs. 46% reduction of percent correct, on average), no significant difference was observed in peripheral contour interaction, which had average mesopic and photopic magnitudes of 38 and 40%. Moreover, confusion matrices representing photopic and mesopic contour interaction differed in the fovea but not in the periphery. The extent of contour interaction did not change with luminance at either retinal location. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that, although the characteristics of foveal contour interaction can be accounted for by the antagonistic structure of neural receptive fields, the same mechanism is not compatible with the characteristics of peripheral contour interaction.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Fovea Centralis physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Sensory Thresholds physiology   MeSH
• Light MeSH
• Color Vision physiology   MeSH
• Form Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

SIGNIFICANCE: Contour interaction describes an impairment of visual acuity produced by nearby flanking features, which exerts a significant impact in many clinical tests of visual acuity. Our results indicate that the magnitude of interaction depends either on the flanker contrast energy (i.e., the product of flanker contrast and width) or the flanker contrast alone, depending on the contrast energy of the flankers. PURPOSE: The discrimination of acuity targets is impaired by the presence of nearby flanking contours, a phenomenon known as contour interaction. METHODS: In this study, we measured percent correct identification for threshold size, high-contrast Sloan letters at the fovea and at 5° in the inferior visual field for different combinations of flanking-bar width, and Weber contrast corresponding to specific fixed values of contrast energy (width × contrast, in %-min arc). RESULTS: For flanking bars with low-contrast energy, contour interaction exhibited no systematic dependence on the flanking-bar width. However, when the flanking bars had higher contrast energy, narrower high-contrast bars produced significantly greater contour interaction than wider bars of lower contrast. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the interpretation that contour interaction depends primarily on the contrast energy of flanking contours when their contrast energy is low. As the contrast energy of the flanking contours increases, the magnitude of contour interaction depends on the flanker contrast. For high-contrast flanking contours, the magnitude of contour interaction saturates when the width of the flanking contours is approximately 20% of letter size.

• MeSH
• Contrast Sensitivity physiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Fovea Centralis MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Form Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Acuity physiology   MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Basal Ganglia physiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Eye Movement Measurements instrumentation   MeSH
• Cerebellum physiopathology   MeSH
• Brain Diseases * complications   MeSH
• Oculomotor Muscles physiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Eye Movements * physiology   MeSH
• Saccades MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

PURPOSE: The pupil light reflex is considered to be a simple subcortical reflex. However, many studies have proven that patients with isolated occipital lesions with homonymous hemianopia show pupillary hemihypokinesia. Our hypothesis is that the afferent pupillary system consists of two pathways: one via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), the other running through the normal RGCs via the visual cortex. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis of these two separate pupillomotor pathways. METHODS: 12 patients (59.1 ± 18.8 years) with homonymous hemianopia due to post-geniculate lesions of the visual pathway and 20 normal controls (58.6 ± 12.9 years) were examined using chromatic pupillography: stimulus intensity was 28 lx corneal illumination, stimulus duration was 4.0 s, and the stimulus wavelengths were 420 ± 20 nm (blue) and 605 ± 20 nm (red), respectively. The examined parameters were baseline pupil diameter, latency, and relative amplitudes (absolute amplitudes compared to baseline), measured at maximal constriction, at 3 s after stimulus onset, at stimulus offset, and at 3 s and 7 s after stimulus offset. RESULTS: The relative amplitudes for the red stimulus were significantly smaller for hemianopia patients compared to the normal controls [maximal constriction: 35.6 ± 5.9% (hemianopia) to 42.3 ± 5.7% (normal); p = 0.004; 3 s after stimulus onset: p = 0.004; stimulus offset: p = 0.001]. No significant differences in any parameter were found between the two groups using the blue stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that the ipRGC pathway is mainly subcortical, whereas a second, non-ipRGC pathway via the occipital cortex exists.

• MeSH
• Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Hemianopsia diagnosis   etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Mesencephalon diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Brain Diseases complications   diagnosis   MeSH
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed MeSH
• Pupil physiology   MeSH
• Reflex, Pupillary physiology   MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results MeSH
• Retinal Ganglion Cells physiology   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Photic Stimulation MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Visual Cortex diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• MeSH
• Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological classification   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Optic Nerve Diseases * diagnosis   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Optic Nerve anatomy & histology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Ophthalmoscopy methods   MeSH
• Optic Nerve Injuries diagnosis   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Vision Disorders diagnosis   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Optic Tract * anatomy & histology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Visual Acuity physiology   MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• Keywords
• oftalmofarmaka,
• MeSH
• Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological classification   MeSH
• Optic Disk physiopathology   MeSH
• Glaucoma * diagnosis   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Intraocular Pressure physiology   MeSH
• Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures methods   MeSH
• Anterior Chamber anatomy & histology   physiology   pathology   MeSH
• Anterior Eye Segment anatomy & histology   physiology   pathology   MeSH
• Age of Onset MeSH
• Visual Acuity physiology   MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Visual attention modulates the firing rate of neurons in many primate cortical areas. In V4, a cortical area in the ventral visual pathway, spatial attention has also been shown to reduce the tendency of neurons to fire closely separated spikes (burstiness). A recent model proposes that a single mechanism accounts for both the firing rate enhancement and the burstiness reduction in V4, but this has not been empirically tested. It is also unclear if the burstiness reduction by spatial attention is found in other visual areas and for other attentional types. We therefore recorded from single neurons in the medial superior temporal area (MST), a key motion-processing area along the dorsal visual pathway, of two rhesus monkeys while they performed a task engaging both spatial and feature-based attention. We show that in MST, spatial attention is associated with a clear reduction in burstiness that is independent of the concurrent enhancement of firing rate. In contrast, feature-based attention enhances firing rate but is not associated with a significant reduction in burstiness. These results establish burstiness reduction as a widespread effect of spatial attention. They also suggest that in contrast to the recently proposed model, the effects of spatial attention on burstiness and firing rate emerge from different mechanisms.

• MeSH
• Biological Clocks physiology   MeSH
• Macaca mulatta MeSH
• Brain Waves physiology   MeSH
• Nerve Net physiology   MeSH
• Attention physiology   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Visual Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• Keywords
• drúzy papily zrakového nervu, antiglaukomatikum,
• MeSH
• Administration, Topical MeSH
• Bevacizumab administration & dosage   MeSH
• Brimonidine Tartrate administration & dosage   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Optic Disk Drusen * diagnosis   drug therapy   ultrasonography   MeSH
• Fluorescein Angiography MeSH
• Fluorometholone administration & dosage   MeSH
• Hypertension diagnosis   complications   MeSH
• Intravitreal Injections MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Macular Edema * diagnosis   etiology   drug therapy   MeSH
• Papilledema * diagnosis   etiology   drug therapy   MeSH
• Optic Nerve blood supply   physiopathology   drug effects   MeSH
• Intraocular Pressure drug effects   MeSH
• Tomography, Optical Coherence MeSH
• Prednisolone administration & dosage   MeSH
• Disease Progression MeSH
• Visual Fields physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH