Excessive connective tissue accumulation, a hallmark of hypertrophic scaring, results in progressive deterioration of the structure and function of organs. It can also be seen during tumor growth and other fibroproliferative disorders. These processes result from a wide spectrum of cross-talks between mesenchymal, epithelial and inflammatory/immune cells that have not yet been fully understood. In the present review, we aimed to describe the molecular features of fibroblasts and their interactions with immune and epithelial cells and extracellular matrix. We also compared different types of fibroblasts and their roles in skin repair and regeneration following burn injury. In summary, here we briefly review molecular changes underlying hypertrophic scarring following burns throughout all basic wound healing stages, i.e. during inflammation, proliferation and maturation.

• MeSH
• Epithelial Cells metabolism   pathology   MeSH
• Extracellular Matrix metabolism   pathology   MeSH
• Fibroblasts metabolism   pathology   MeSH
• Wound Healing genetics   MeSH
• Cicatrix, Hypertrophic genetics   immunology   pathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Burns genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Cell Proliferation genetics   MeSH
• Inflammation genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

In the previous study, the artichoke leaf extract showed effective inhibition of AKR1B1, the first enzyme of polyol pathway, which reduces high level of glucose to osmotically active sorbitol, important for development of chronic diabetic complications. In the present study, the effect of artichoke leaf extract and of several participating phenols (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and luteolin) was tested on sorbitol level in rat lenses exposed to high glucose ex vivo, on cytotoxicity as well as on oxidative stress in C2C12 muscle cell line induced by high glucose in vitro. The concentration of sorbitol was determined by enzymatic analysis, the cytotoxicity was provided by WST-1 test and intracellular content of reactive oxygen species was determined by fluorescence of 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein probe. The extract and the compounds tested showed significant protection against toxic effects of high concentration of glucose in both models. On balance, the artichoke leaf extract thus represents a prospective preventive agent of development of chronic diabetic complications, probably due to phenols content, concerning preclinical and clinical studies.

• MeSH
• Aldehyde Reductase antagonists & inhibitors   MeSH
• Cynara scolymus chemistry   MeSH
• Glucose pharmacology   MeSH
• Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Cells, Cultured MeSH
• Plant Leaves chemistry   MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Lens, Crystalline drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Organ Culture Techniques MeSH
• Oxidative Stress drug effects   MeSH
• Reactive Oxygen Species pharmacology   MeSH
• Plant Extracts pharmacology   MeSH
• Sorbitol metabolism   MeSH
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH