Tumor-associated macrophages are an important part of the tumor microenvironment. The presence of certain populations of macrophages within tumor tissue may be associated with either better or worse disease prognosis. The study of these cells is currently receiving a great deal of attention, with the most important topics of investigation raised being: the typification of subpopulations of tumor-associated macrophages; identification of the prognostic significance of population density and distribution of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment; ways to influence macrophage activity, migration and differentiation within the tumor. The answers to these questions can improve the efficiency of immunoterapy for malignancies. The presented article briefly reviews recent findings on tumor-associated macrophages in solid malignancies.
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Atlas, který se zaměřuje na histologické preparáty a struktury. Určeno vysokoškolským studentům.
- MeSH
- histologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- atlasy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Buněčná biologie. Cytologie
- Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
- NLK Obory
- histologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Macrophages are linked to the initiation of the chronic inflammation believed to underlie the changes taking place in the white fatty tissue of obese people. Both the number of macrophages, but their functional status, play an important role in the development of inflammation. Classically, macrophages are divided into two types: pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) types, and based on current immunological studies, further views on the functional distribution of macrophages are suggested. In this study, we evaluated the M1 and M2 macrophages ratio in obese subjects with, or without diabetes. To identify all macrophages, we used CD68 expression, while CD204 expression is typically used for the M2 macrophage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During bariatric surgery, carried out in obese people with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D), we obtained subcutaneous adipose tissue from the navel and omental adipose tissue. We also obtained the same tissue from people with a physiological range of BMI from a judicial autopsy. Applying immunohistochemical staining anti-CD68 and anti-CD204, we carried out a quantitative evaluation of the number of macrophages. RESULTS: We found CD68+ and CD204+ positive macrophages in perivascular spaces and between fat cells, both isolated and in larger infiltrates. They were also present in so-called "crown-like structures" (CLS) around dying adipocytes. Quantitative analysis showed an increased number of macrophages in all obese patients compared to the control group of non-obese, individuals without T2D. The most striking observation was the macrophage increase in the visceral fatty tissue of diabetics. The number of CD68 and CD204 positive macrophages was statistically significantly smaller in patients without T2D. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a significantly greater number of macrophages in visceral adipose tissue, especially in patients with T2D. Our results also show a positive correlation between the presence of T2D and the total number of macrophages; a significantly greater number of macrophages were found in visceral adipose tissue, especially in patients with T2D.
- MeSH
- antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární MeSH
- bariatrická chirurgie MeSH
- bílá tuková tkáň imunologie patologie MeSH
- CD antigeny MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunofenotypizace MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy imunologie patologie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nitrobřišní tuk imunologie patologie MeSH
- obezita imunologie patologie chirurgie MeSH
- omentum MeSH
- podkožní tuk imunologie patologie MeSH
- scavengerové receptory - třída A MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aim of the study: The aim was to perform a morphometric analysis of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of morbidly obese women and to determine the relationship between adipocyte size and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods: White adipose tissue of morbidly obese women was obtained from subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue during bariatric surgery. The same tissues were obtained at judicial autopsy in non-obese (lean) non-diabetic patients. The harvested tissue was embedded in paraffin and 5 μm thick hematoxylin-eosin stained sections were analyzed by the Olympus cellSens system. Statistical evaluation was performed by GraphPad Prism 6.1 software. Results: We found a relationship between adipocyte size and the presence of T2D. The most pronounced changes were seen in visceral adipocytes (cell diameter increased from 61.9 μm in controls to 79.5 μm in patients with T2D). Also, the size of the subcutaneous adipocytes increased against the control. A statistically significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic patients was not proven in subcutaneous adipocytes. We also observed differences in the distribution of adipocyte mean diameters. Whilst in the control group there was a normal (Gaussian) distribution, in the morbidly obese we found an asymmetric distribution with a positive skewness to the right. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that in morbidly obese women a significant increase in visceral adipocyte size is associated with the development of both insulin resistance and T2D.
- MeSH
- bílé tukové buňky cytologie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morbidní obezita * chirurgie patofyziologie MeSH
- nitrobřišní tuk cytologie MeSH
- podkožní břišní tuk cytologie patofyziologie MeSH
- tukové buňky cytologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Příspěvek se zaměřuje na vybrané principy digitalizace obrazů zpracovaného diagnostického materiálu se zohledněním laboratorního procesu přípravy preparátů. Reflektuje vývoj the-state-of-the-art za období let 2002–2018.
- MeSH
- cytodiagnostika metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- histocytochemie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- internetový prohlížeč MeSH
- interpretace obrazu počítačem * metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- webový archiv jako téma MeSH
Obesity and insulin resistance are closely associated with chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, where macrophages play an important role. Adipose tissue macrophages can be divided into two main phenotypes: the classical M1 macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages M2. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin IL-6 and MCP-1) and thus contribute to the development of insulin resistance. On the other hand, M2 macrophages, anti-inflammatory, are involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and are typical in the adipose tissue of slender individuals. Macrophages can also play a role in the pathogenesis of other serious illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases or cancer. This article reviews the latest data on macrophage polarization in adipose tissue.
- MeSH
- chemokin CCL2 metabolismus MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- hypoxie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- interleukin-6 metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy patologie MeSH
- obezita metabolismus patologie MeSH
- TNF-alfa metabolismus MeSH
- tuková tkáň patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
